4 - Protozaa

Plasmodium spp.

what is the example used for sporozoa?

• Giardia lamblia

• Trichomonas vaginalis

example for mastigophora

Entamoeba histolytica

example for sarcodina

Balantidum coli

example for ciliata

Plasmodium spp.

blood and tissue protozoa

sporozoa

class of Plasmodium spp.

Plasmodium species

Inhabits and affects human RBCs and hepatic cells

• Palawan

• Kalina

• Apayaw

• Ifugar

• Agusan del Sur

where is Plasmodium species endemic?

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium ovale

four species of Plasmodium species

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium species that is common in the phillipines

• asexual phase (man)

• sexual phase (female Anopheles minimum variant flavirostris)

what are the 2 phases in the life cycle of Plasmodium species?

• exo-erythrocytic cycle

• erythrocytic cycle

two phases of asexual phase of Plasmodium species

• liver

• RBC

• brain (Plasmodium falciparum)

where does the exo-erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium species happen?

hypnozoites

Dormant stages in the liver that can cause relapses weeks or years later if untreated.

mosquitos inoculate sporozoite to man > carried within blood > enters liver and undergo cell division > schizonts with merozoites > rupture and release merozoites > merozoites may infect RBCs or re-infect other liver cells > hyponozoites or schizogony (if re-infect liver cells)

life cycle of Plasmodium sp. (exo-erythrocytic cycle)

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium vivax

what species of Plasmodium species are hypnozoites found?

when the merozoite invades am RBC

when does the erythrocytic cycle of a Plasmodium sp. start?

merozoite invades RBC > develops into rings stage (early trophozoite) > develops into trophozoite (late trophozoite) > develops into schizont > schizont ruptures and release merozoite (chills, fever, sweating) > merozoite either re-infect or develops into male and female gametocytes

erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium sp.

mosquito sucking up gametocytes > mature into gametes > fertilize > zygote > ookinete > oocyst > undergo cell division > produce sporozoites > migrate to mosquito saliva

sexual stage of Plasmodium sp.

• gametocyte - mosquito

• sporozoite - man

infective stage of Plasmodium spp.

ring form and gametocyte

diagnostic stage of Plasmodium spp.

mosquito

definite host of Plasmodium spp.

man

intermediate host of Plasmodium spp.

vector (biologic) via bite of female Anopheles minimus variant flavirostris mosquito

mot of Plasmodium spp.

• man - RBC, liver cells, brain

• Plasmodium falciparum mosquito - midgut

habitat of Plasmodium spp.

• Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae - circle

• male Plasmodium falciparum - banana

• female Plasmodium falciparum - crescent

shape of gametocytes for the four Plasmodium spp.

malaria

disease for Plasmodium spp.

bad air

malaria is an italian for

• immune response > intermittent chills, fever, and sweating

• destruction of RBCs > splenomegaly and anemia

• obstruction of vessels > ischemia and death of tissues

different responses of the body for malaria

malignant tertian

periodicity of P. falciparum

benign tertian

periodicity of P. vivax

36-48 hrs

asexual cycle (hrs) of P. falciparum

no, most lethal

relapse of P. falciparum

none

hypnozoite of P. falciparum

48 hrs

asexual cycle (hrs) of P. vivax

yes

does P. vivax relapse?

yes

does P. vivax have hypnozoite?

benign quartan

periodicity of P. malariae

72 hrs

asexual cycle (hrs) of P. malariae

no

does P. malariae relapse?

no

does P. malariae have hypnozoite?

benign tertian

periodicity of P. ovale

48 hrs

asexual cycle (hrs) of P. ovale

yes

does P. ovale relapse?

yes

does P. ovale have hypnozoite?

Ziemann’s dots

what do you call the dots in the RBC when infected with P. malariae?

Maurer’s dots

what do you call the dots in the RBC when infected with P. falciparum?

Schuffner’s dots

what do you call the dots in the RBC when infected with P. ovale?

Schuffner’s dots

what do you call the dots in the RBC when infected with P. vivax?

widespread in tropics

distribution of Plasmodium falciparum

widespread in tropics and subtropics except West Africa

distribution of Plasmodium vivax

patchy in west africa and southwest pacific

distribution of Plasmodium ovale

patchy, worldwide

distribution of Plasmodium malariae

malaysia, indonesia, and other southeast asia

distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi

• PBS with giemsa stain

• serologic tests for malaria antibodies

• clinical diagnosis

diagnosis of Plasmodium species

sarcodina

class of Entamoeba histolytica

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Giardia lamblia

• Balantidium coli

intestinal protozoa

brown movement

movement of Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica

pseudopod-forming intestinal protozoa

large intestines

what does Entamoeba histolytica inhabits?

trophozoite

unicellular with pseudopods which are fingerlike projections for locomotion

pseudopods

what does the trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica contains?

• 4 nuclei

• central karyosomes

• peripheral chromatin

what does the cyst stage of Entamoeba histolytica contains?

mature cysts (4 nuclei) ingested > hatches/excystation in the small intestine and the cecum > trophozoites are released and travels to the large intestine > invades the lining o the mucosa of the colon > diarrhea > dehydration > trophozoite enclosed itself in capsule to protect itself (encystation) > cyst and trophozoite are seen in stool

life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica

mature cyst (4 nuclei)

infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica

• all forms of cyst (mature and immature)

• trophozoites

diagnostic stage of Entamoeba histolytica

man

definitive host of Entamoeba histolytica

none

intermediate host of Entamoeba histolytica

fecal-oral

mot of Entamoeba histolytica

large intestine but may wander into lungs, live, and brain

habitat of Entamoeba histolytica

• amoebic colitis / amoebic dysentery

• extraintestinal amoebiasis

diseases caused by Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica release cysteine protease > flask-shaped ulcers on the colonic submucosa

pathophysiology of amoebic colitis

extraintestinal amoebiasis

disease caused by the Entamoeba histolytica as an erratic parasite

• direct fecal smear

• examination of aspirate

diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica

anchovy paste-like aspirate

aspirate of Entamoeba histolytica

mastigophora

class of Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia

flagellate intestinal protozoan

falling leaf motility

motility of Giardia lamblia

small intestine

what does Giardia lamblia inhabit?

• pear shaped

• two nuclei

• four pairs of flagella

• suction disk

• old man’s face

what are the characteristics of the trophozoite stage of Giardia lamblia?

• oval to ellipsoid shape

• 4 nuclei

what are the characteristics of the cyst stage of Giardia lamblia?

mature cysts ingested with contaminated food or drink > survives the gastric acid and reaches the small intestine > undergo excystation in the duodenum and become trophozoite > trophozoite will inhabit and invade the duodenum > diarrhea > dehydration > due to bowel movement, trophozoites are carried away into the large intestine > encystation happens in the large intestine due to dehydration > cyst and trophozoites are both passed in stool but only cysts survive

life cycle of Giardia lamblia

cyst

infective stage of Giardia lamblia

cyst and trophozoite

diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia

man

definitive host of Giardia lamblia

none

intermediate host of Giardia lamblia

fecal-oral

mot of Giardia lamblia

duodenum of small intestine and may wander into large intestine

habitat of Giardia lamblia

giardiasis / Traveler’s diarrhea

disease caused by Giardia lamblia

giardiasis

persistent, very foul-smelling, non-bloody acute / chronic diarrhea with steatorreha (FA) secondary to malabsorption

steatorrhea

what does the stool of giardiasis contains

• direct fecal smear

• string test

diagnosis of Giardia lamblia

4 hrs

how many hours needs to past before pulling the string in string test?

ciliata

class of Balantidium coli

Balantidium coli

largest protozoan parasite affecting man

large intestine

what does the Balantidium coli inhabit?

Balantidium coli

parasite uncommon to man

large ciliated

characteristic of the trophozoite stage of the Balantidium coli