ap gov unit 4

conservative

Ideology favoring limited government, free markets, traditional values, and individual responsibility.

liberal

Ideology favoring a more active government role in regulating the economy and promoting social equality.

Libertarian

Ideology emphasizing minimal government intervention in both economic and personal affairs.

Political ideology

A coherent set of beliefs about government, politics, and public policy.

Political efficacy

The belief that one’s political participation can influence government (internal and external efficacy).

Political legitimacy

The widely held belief that a government’s authority is valid and should be obeyed.

Political party

An organization that seeks to influence government policy by electing its members to public office.

Party platform

A formal document outlining a party’s principles, goals, and policy positions.

Party polarization

The increasing ideological divide between political parties, with fewer moderates.

Democratic Party

One of the two major U.S. parties; generally supports a larger federal role in the economy and social welfare.

Republican Party

One of the two major U.S. parties; generally supports limited government, lower taxes, and free markets.

Third Party (Minor Party)

Parties other than the two major parties; often focus on specific issues or ideologies.

Political socialization

The lifelong process by which individuals form their political beliefs, influenced by family, media, education, and peers.

Generation effect on ideology

People who grow up during the same time period share similar political views due to common experiences.

Life-cycle effect on ideology

Political views change as individuals age due to life experiences and shifting priorities.

Major event effect on ideology

Significant historical events (e.g., economic crises, wars) shape political beliefs.

Individualism

Emphasis on personal autonomy and self-reliance

Free enterprise

Economic system with private ownership and limited government interference

Equality of opportunity

Belief that everyone should have the same chance to succeed.

Rule of law

Laws apply equally to all individuals, including those in power.

Public policy

Government actions and decisions made to solve societal problems.

Fiscal policy

Use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.

Monetary policy

Federal Reserve actions to control money supply and interest rates.

Social policy

Government policies addressing social issues (education, healthcare, civil rights)

Keynesian Economics

Argues government should increase spending during economic downturns to stimulate demand.

Supply-Side Economics

Argues that lower taxes and reduced regulation encourage production and economic growth.

Benchmark polls

Early polls used by campaigns to gauge initial support and shape strategy.

Entrance polls

Surveys conducted as voters enter polling places (less common than exit polls).

Exit polls

Surveys conducted after voters cast ballots to predict election outcomes and analyze voting behavior.

Tracking polls

Polls conducted over time to monitor changes in public opinion.