geog chap 13

Up to 40 percent of the developing world’s national borders were defined and mapped by these two countries

United Kingdom and France

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, what new nation-state was carved out of the region known as Mesopotamia?

Iraq

Alluvial fans occur where a _____ exits the _____ and enters the _____.

stream; mountains; basin

__________ represents the most powerful erosion and deposition agent in the desert.

Flowing water

The creation of a playa most often begins with __________.

an ephemeral stream that reaches the valley floor

What are cross beds?

inclined layers in sediment or sedimentary rocks that reveal the direction of wave or wind transport

Cross beds are a preserved record of what?

The deposition of sand on the leeward side of a dune.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs through what country?

Iceland

What geological phenomenon creates a mega tsunami?

Landslides

What results from wave refraction?

Erosion of headlands

What type of shoreline is an estuary?

Submergent

What tide is generated with a first-quarter moon?

Neap Tide

What causes tides?

Gravity

When do waves strike bottom?

At about half the wave length

What is the process associated with waves?

Wave action

What is the main source of beach sand?

Stream alluvium

What is the deposit of material within the active shoreline area that usually has a crest at the seaward edge?

Berm

Why do breakers form?

The top of the wave is moving faster than the bottom.

Which is an erosional landform?

Sea arch

What does a baymouth bar protect?

A lagoon

What is the trend for irregular shorelines?

Headlands erode, and coves have deposition

How does a wave-built terrace form?

Material washes offshore and is deposited on the far side of the wave-cut terrace

What type of coastal feature is a flooded valley that has steep sides and an almost flat bottom?

A fjord

What sandbar connects an island to the mainland?

A tombolo

Which is densest

glacial ice

Alpine glaciers include all of the following except

ice cap

In glacial flow, typically

base moves slower than the surface

Where within a glacier is ice flowing fastest

in the middle

In glacial mass balance, the accumulation zone lies…

Above the equilibrium line

Do boreal wildfires cause the darkening of Greenland?

True