Histology Exam 1

What cells does cartilage derive from?

Mesenchymal Cells

Is cartilage highly vascular or avascular?

Avascular

What process is used for cartilage to recieve nutrients from ground substances?

Diffusion

What are the two types of cells found in cartilage tissue?

Chondrocytes and Chondroblasts

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrocartilage

What time of cartilage is the most common?

Hyaline Cartilage

What type of Cartilage is the base model for most bones

Hyaline Cartilage

Where in the body is elastic cartilage found?

External ear, epiglottis, and larynx

What type of cartilage is Fibrocartilage made of?

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

Type I

Fibrocartilage provides what kind of matrix?

Alternate

Where in the body is Fibrocartilage found?

Vertebral discs, joints, and the pubic symphesis

What types of cartilage is a perichondrium found in?

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline and Elastic

Is perichondrium found on the external or internal aspect of surfaces?

External

What is structure is responsible for creating chondroblasts?

Perichondrium

What do chondroblasts mature into?

Chondrocytes

What do Chondroblasts secrete as they begin to mature?

Extracellular matrix

What structure do chondroblasts mature in, a specific word for the space

Lacunae

What type of cartilage DOES NOT have a perichondrium layer?

Articular Cartilage

What cells are responsible for maintaining the matrix of cartilage

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

What cellular process does the extracellular matrix use to remove waste?

diffusion

What is a key role in the matrix of cartilage?

Shock Absorber

What provides the site of attachment for the extracellular matrix?

Glycoporteins

What substance do proteoglycans attract?

Water

What do proteoglycans function as when they create high water content areas in cartilage matrix?

Shock Absorber

What is an example of a proteoglycan?

GAGs

What elements are mainly stored and released in all bones?

Calcium and Phosphate

What is a simplified explaination of what bone is?

Mineralized extracellular matrix of cartilage

What type of collagen is is mineralized to form bones?

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

Type V

Type I

What is the pluripotent stem cell that is used for bones?

Osteoprogenator cell

What are the four types of cells related to bones?

Osteoblasts, Osteocyte, Bone Lining Cells, Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts are NOT derived from this cell

Mesenchymal cell

Osteoclasts can accurately be described as a…

Macrophage

An osteocyte is a

Mature Bone cell surrounded in a matrix within a lacunae

An osteoblasts secretes what?

Extracellular matrix of bone

Bone lining cells are

Dormant osteoblasts that live in the surface of bone

What are the two types of bone classifications?

Compact (Dense) and Spongy

Articular Surfaces of Bones are covered by what type of cartilage?

Hyaline Cartilage

Non Articular surfaces are covered by what

periosteum

What are is the outer layer of periosteum described as?

Fibrious

What cells are found on the inner layer of periosteum

osteoprogenitor cells

What are the two types of bone marrow

Red and Yellow

What types of cells are produced in red bone marrow

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

What is yellow bone marrow mostly made up of?

Fat cells

What bone cell initiates the calcification process?

Osteoblasts

Where do osteoclasts reside in bone?

Howship’s Lacuna

Where do osteoclasts arise from?

Bone Marrow

What hormone is activated when there is low levels of blood calcium detected?

Parathyroid hormone

What do high levels of parathyroid hormone trigger

Activation of Osteoclasts

What is the role of an osteoclast when activated?

Breakdown bone and reabsorb calcium to raise blood calcium levels

What hormone is used to regulate osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin

What gland secretes calcitonin?

Thyroid gland

What are the two methods of forming bone?

Intramembranous and Endochondral

What is Endochondral Ossification?

When cartilage is remodeled and replaced by bone tissue

Where does Endochondral Ossification typically occur?

Bones that bear weight and found in the extremities

What cartilage is used for Endochondral Ossification?

Hyaline Cartilage

In Endochondral Ossification, cartilage that is NOT ossified into bone serves as a growth site known as what?

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Intramembranous Ossification differs from Endochondral Ossification because…

It does not use cartilage

Where does Intramembranous Ossification typically occur?

Flat bones of the skull and face

Mandible, Maxilla, Clavicle, and other flat bones are typically created through what method?

Intramembranous Ossification

Central Haversian Canal contains what in bone tissue?

Nerve and Vessels

Volkmann’s canals are…

Right angle to central canal

Immature bone, that is found in the skeleton of a fetus, are described as what?

Nonlamellar

Another phrase for immature bone is what?

Woven bone

Woven or immature bone tissue is described as what kind of arrangement?

Random arrangement

Mesenchymal Cells can differ into what other cells, list them all

1. Adipocytes

2. Astrocytes (Nerve cells)

3. Chondrocytes

4. Fibroblasts

5. Myocytes

6. Osteocytes

7. Stromal Cells

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

White and Brown Adipose

What population has high levels of brown adipose tissue?

Infants

Brown Fat is used for what homeostatic process?

Thermoregulation

What type of adipose tissue is most common?

White adipose tissue

What is stored in white adipose tissue?

Triglycerides

Where are triglycerides derived from?

Low Density Lipoproteins produced by the liver

Where does “Packing” occur with adipose tissue?

Hilar Regions

What are Hilar regions?

Areas of organs where delicate structures enter that need more protection

Name an example of an organ with a hilar region that has adipose packing

Adrenal Glands

Adipose tissue is used as sensors for what in the body?

Insulin release

What type of cell is this?

Eosinophil

What is the name of this cell?

Neutrophil

Mature of immature neutrophil?

Mature

What is the name of this cell?

Mast cell

Eosinophils attack what organism that invades the body?

Parasites

What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue ECM?

Collagen, Reticular fibers, and elastic fibers

Abundance of reticular fibers are found in these organs…

spleen, liver, lymph nodes

Abundance of elastic fibers are found in these organs…

lungs and transitional epithelium

What cells secrete most of the components of ECM for connective tissue?

fibroblasts

What is a fibroblast called when in a resting phase?

fibrocyte

What are the three known granular cells?

Eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells

What is an example of an agranularcyte?

lymphocyte

macrophages are derived from what cells?

Monocytes

What surrounds the umbilical cord and is gelatin like?

Wharton’s jelly

What is the only place you will find Wharton’s jelly in the body?

The umbilical cord

What is the purpose if Wharton’s Jelly?

To prevent the crushing of umbilical vessels

How many arteries are found typically in an umbilical cord?

two

Loose connective tissue statement about cells and fibers…

Highly cellular, sparsely fibrous

Dense connective tissue statement abouts cells and fibers…

sparsely cellular, highly fibrous

What creates collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers?

Fibroblasts

What type of connective tissue is this?

Loose CT

What is the purple cell found in this loose ct cross section

Fibroblast

What type of connective tissue is found around the glomular epithelial tissue?

Loose CT

What type of connective tissue is found further away from the glomular epithelial tissue

Dense ct

What is the primary function of loose CT

use diffusion to transport nutrients and waste in and out of the tissue through surrounding vessels