Readings in Philippine History and Society

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Philippine history from geological theories of origin through pre-colonial society, Spanish and American colonization, the Japanese occupation, presidential legacies, and basic concepts in economics and sociology.

Land Bridge Theory

Theorizes that the Philippines was once part of mainland Asia, connected by a land mass bridging Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Australian Continent during the last ice age.

Volcanic Origin

Proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis, suggesting the Philippines came into existence after volcanic eruptions beneath the Pacific Ocean within the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Legend of Mu or Lemuria

Proposed by James Churchward, this theory claims the Philippines and Indonesia were part of a sunken Pacific Continent influenced by the legend of Atlantis.

Continental Drift Theory

Proposed by Alfred Wegener in $1912$, suggesting the Philippines was part of the supercontinent Pangaea which drifted apart due to tectonic plate movement.

Migration Theory

Proposed by Henry Otley Beyer, suggesting the Philippines was populated via waves: Dawnmen, Aetas (Negritoes), Indonesians, and Malays.

Evolution Theory (Core Population Theory)

Proposed by Felipe Landa Jocano, supported by the discovery of the Tabon Man skullcap in Palawan in $1962$ by Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago.

Ma-I

The name given to present-day Mindoro by early Chinese traders.

Islas de San Lazaro

The name given to the archipelago by Ferdinand Magellan in $1521$.

Barangay

The pre-colonial political unit composed of $30$ to $100$ families, ruled by a Datu or Raja.

Trial by Ordeal

A pre-colonial judicial process involving trial by torture, such as the boiling water ordeal.

Aliping Namamahay

A householder alipin with land rights who owned a house and worked on fields at the master's call.

Aliping Sagigilid

Members of the master's household who lived in the house (specifically the gilid or stove area) and ate from the master's pot.

Baybayin

The pre-colonial writing system of the Philippines (also referred to as Alibata).

The 3 G’s

The primary goals of European expansion: God, gold, and glory.

Juan Sebastian Elcano

The first man to successfully circumnavigate the world after the death of Ferdinand Magellan.

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

The First Spanish Governor-General who established a permanent settlement in $1565$ and named Manila the capital in $1571$.

Reduccion Plan

Implemented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia, requiring natives to live near the church or in town centers called cabeceras.

Cumplase

The right of the Governor-General to suspend a Royal Decree from the King if it was not beneficial to the colony, expressed as "I obey but do not comply."

Polo y Servicio

A system of forced labor requiring men aged $16-60$ to work for the government for $40$ days.

Tobacco Monopoly

Started by Jose Basco y Vargas and lasting for $100$ years, it gave the colonial government control over all aspects of tobacco cultivation.

Peninsulares

Full-blooded Spaniards born in Spain.

Insulares

Full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines.

Indio

A term used by Spaniards to refer to full-blooded Austronesians (Filipinos), often used with racial prejudice.

Dagohoy's Revolt

The result of the Church's refusal to give a Christian burial to Francisco Dagohoy's brother; it is known for being a long-lasting rebellion.

Propaganda Movement

A peaceful campaign for reforms seeking assimilation and representation in the Spanish Cortes, led by Rizal, Lopez Jaena, and Del Pilar.

La Solidaridad

The official organ or newspaper of the Propaganda Movement, edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar.

KKK (Katipunan)

A secret society founded on July $7$, $1892$, by Andres Bonifacio, seeking independence through revolution and armed struggle.

Cry of Pugad Lawin

Occurred on August $23$, $1896$, where Katipuneros tore their cedulas, marking the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

A ceasefire signed on December $14$, $1897$, between Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The agreement ending the Spanish-American War where the US purchased the Philippines from Spain for $20\,million$.

Benevolent Assimilation

The policy proclaimed by US President McKinley to train Filipinos for self-government.

Jones Law (Philippine Autonomy Act)

Sponsored by William Atkinson Jones, it promised independence as soon as a stable government was established and created a bicameral legislature.

Tydings-McDuffie Law

The Independence Law that provided for a $10$-year transition period through the Commonwealth of the Philippines before complete independence.

Father of Social Justice

A title given to Manuel L. Quezon for his efforts to help the common tao and resolve labor disputes.

Death March

The forced march of $76,000$ Filipino and American soldiers from Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga, in April $1942$, resulting in approximately $10,000$ deaths.

Filipino First Policy

A policy by Carlos P. Garcia that gave priority to Filipinos over foreigners in business, trade, and industry.

Oikonomia

The Greek word for management of the household, from which the term Economics is derived.

Malthusian Theory

The economic theory stating that population increases geometrically while the food supply does not increase as much.

Opportunity Cost

The value of the second-best alternative given up when making a choice.

Law of Demand

States that as the price of a commodity increases, the quantity demanded decreases ($\text{Inversely Proportional}$).

Eminent Domain

The power of the state to take private property for public use upon payment of just compensation.

Jus Sanguinis

A principle of citizenship where identity is acquired through blood relations or parents.

Jus Soli

A principle of citizenship where identity is determined by the place of birth.

Auguste Comte

The individual who coined the term sociology and suggested the use of positivism.

Xenocentrism

The belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one's own culture are inferior to those of other cultures (e.g., Colonial Mentality).

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.