Brown A&P 2 Exam 3 Review

What effect will vasodilation of the afferent arteriole have on GFR?

Raise it

In the protein buffering system, what would favor this structure?

pH going down

What is the proper name for the hole between your vocal cords that air passes through?

Glottis

What arteries connect the segmental arteries to the intralobar (cortical radiate) arteries?

Interlobar —→ Arcuate

Which of the following is a function of Angiotensin I?

No function

Which muscles assist with expiration?

Internal intercostals

Which phenomenon results from the impermeability of the thick portion of the nephron loop to water?

Countercurrent mechanism

What process below is responsible for water loss due to evaporation?

Breathing

What would cause dihydrogen phosphate to dissociate into its ions?

A rise in pH

What is the normal GFR in an adult?

180L per day

Where does internal respiration occur?

Between the capillaries and tissues

What do we call the H2O produced as a byproduct of aerobic respiration?

Water of metabolism

Respiratory Distress Syndrome is caused by the underdevelopment of what structures?

Type II alveolar cells

What pare of the nephron captures filtrate coming out of the glomerulus?

Glomerular capsule

What is an example of a transcellular fluid?

CSF

This laryngeal cartilage forms the “Adam’s apple”.

Thyroid

The paranasal sinuses serve to…

Reduce the weight of the skull

Pulmonary ventilation is controlled by respiratory centers in the ___ and medulla oblongata.

Pons

What controls the pitch of the human voice?

The length of the true vocal cords

Why is the trachealis muscle located on the posterior portion of the trachea?

Because that is where the esophagus runs

Which of the following is not an upper respiratory organ?

Trachea

The total surface area of the alveoli in the human lungs is about…

70 m²

The right lung has ___ lobes separated by ___ fissures.

3; 2

Which of the following is NOT an effector site for the respiratory centers of the brain?

Smooth muscle of the peripheral arterioles

The brain monitors blood gases in two sites…

The aortic and carotid bodies

This laryngeal cartilage prevents food from entering the LROs:

Epiglottis

This V-shaped piece of tracheal cartilage is the last tracheal ring before the primary bronchi:

Carina

This word literally means “air in the chest”:

Pneumothorax

These cells are responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs:

Type I alveolar cells

The driving force behind pulmonary inspiration is

Atmospheric pressure

These connect intralobular bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles:

Terminal bronchioles

After the diaphragm relaxes, what actually squeezes the air from the lungs during a normal tidal exhalation?

Elastic recoil of the abdominal organs

Why is hyperventilation dangerous?

It can raise blood pH

Respiratory Distress Syndrome in infants is caused by a lack of…

Surfactant

Which blood gas is most tightly-regulated by the respiratory center of the brain?

CO2

These arteries separate the renal cortex from the renal medulla:

Arcuate

In a nephron, the afferent arteriole delivers blood to the ____ where it is filtered through a special capillary bed.

Glomerulus

The countercurrent mechanism works because the ____ is normal impermeable to water.

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

The renal papillae protrude into the ____ .

Minor calyces

Which of the following is in the proper order?

Glomerulus —> PCT —> Descending limb of nephron loop —> Ascending limb of nephron loop —> DCT —> Collecting duct

Which of the following is in the proper order?

Renal papilla —> Minor calyx —> Major calyx —> Renal pelvis —> Ureter —> Urinary bladder —> Urethra

This component of the renin-angiotensin system is actually secreted by the liver:

Angiotensinogen

Theses cells secrete renin in response to decreased blood pressure:

Juxtaglomerular cells

The vasomotor center of the brain regulates glomerular filtration rate via…

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

Tubular secretion refers to substances…

Leaving the blood and entering the filtrate

Tubular reabsorption refers to…

Substances leaving the filtrate and entering the blood

Renal clearance is defined as…

GFR plus tubular secretion minus tubular reabsorption

Which of the following substances is most likely to be reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

Glucose

Average GFR in an adult is about…

125 mL/min

ACE is secreted by cells in the…

Lungs

Which component of the renin/angiotensin system is actually active (causes blood pressure to go up)?

Angiotensin II

The four main targets of angiotensin II are…

Hypothalamus, adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary, nephron

The function of the urinary system is to…

Maintain blood homeostasis

The ____ is/are composed of cells of the distal convoluted tubule in contact with the afferent arteriole.

Macula densa

This portion of the nephron connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule:

Nephron loop

Where is most of the water in the human body found?

In the intracellular compartment

Which of the following is NOT considered a transcellular fluid?

Plasma

The main excretory mechanism by which the body sheds extra water is…

Urination

Which of the following water conservation measures will reduce respiratory evaporative loss of water?

Hyperventilation

Which of the following electrolytes is regulated by aldosterone?

Potassium

Which of the following is the correct definition of pH?

The inverse log of hydrogen ion concentration: -log[H+]

Which of the following buffer systems will be the slowest?

Respiratory excretion buffer

Consider the bicarbonate buffer system. A rise in pH will favor

The dissociation of carbonic acid

Which of the following is the best explanation for how respiratory excretion modulates pH?

The removal of CO2 from the blood eliminates the source of carbonic acid

Which of the following is an example of a physiological buffering system?

Renal excretion