4. A2 political profiles

Which role did Dimitry Milyutin hold? And what were his reforms?

1861- became minister of war 🔫

Gave elementary education to all draftees 📖.

Introduced compulsory military service to all men over 20.

1874- Reduced active service frim 25 -> 6yrs (+9 reserve) ⬇️

How did Nikolai Milyutin influence A2's reforms?

1861- heavily influential in 1861 Emancipation Manifesto as minister of interior.

1864- emancipated Polish peasantry 🇵🇱 (at expense of Polish landowners because land became freehold)

Seized Catholic Church's land and sold it⛪️ to undermine polish nationalism

Who was Alexander Golovnin? 📖

1862- became minister of education

Reforms included development Zemstvo elementary schools and considered problems on fringes of empire.

Solved problem of primary public education. 🏫

How did Mikolai Reutern help the reform?

1862-78 - finance minister 💰

Attempted to stabilise Ruble and promoted private credit institutions (a form of lender) 💵

Reformed taxation and customs laws ⛴️

He significantly increased gov revenues and achieved a budgetary surplus in 1873

Who was Pyotr Valuyev? 🏠

1861-68 - minster of interior 🏠

1872-77 - minister of state assets

1863 - drafted Valuyev Circular, a decree which banned religious, scientific and educational publications 🔵🚫 This was considered to be one of the strongest examples of Russian chauvinist policy

When telling minister of education of the decree he said that the Ukrainian lang, "did not exist, does not exist and cannot exist"

How did Count Dmitry Tolstoy counter-reform education? 📖

1866- appointed as education minister to discipline students and teachers and keep them away from revolutionary publications 👨‍🏫👨‍🎓🚫.

Reversed educational reforms and made uni harder to attain

1869- introduced public school inspection to maintain controll

What did Count Dmitry Tolstoy do as Minister of Interior 🏠

1882- became minister of interior an enforced strict press censorship

1889- placed peasant towns under jurisdiction of 'land captains' (appointed by interior ministry). They were members of nobility who appointed the elders and could arrest without trial ‍✈️🏘️

What did Pyotr Shuvalov do? 🚨

1860-61 - director of political police in ministry of interior 👮🏠 and became known as an opponent to emancipation of serfs 🚫

1866- head of third section 🚨. Became close advisor to A2 and used influence to delay further reform. Appointed reactionary allies to positions of power

What role did Count Konsantin Pahlen play?

1867- appointed as minister of justice

Seen as more moderate and advocated for equality, independent courts & judicial professionalism ⚖️👨‍💼