Anatomy final

Chemical level

atoms make molecules, molecules make macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins)

Cellular level

cells and their surroundings made of molecules (plasma membrane, mitochondria)

Tissue level

tissues made of similar types of cells

Organ level

made of multiple tissue types

Ipsilateral

same side of body

Contralateral

opposite side of body

Cephalic

head

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eyes

Mental

chin

cervical

neck

axillary

armpit

inguinal

groin

acromial

shoulder

brachial

shoulder to arm

antecubital

anterior (front of) elbow

antebrachial

elbow to wrist

carpal

wrist

manus

hand

pollex

thumb

coxal

hip

crural

shin

peroneal (fibular)

outer side of leg

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

hallux

big toe

olecranol

back of elbow

popliteal

back of patella

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel

plantar

bottom of foot

otic

ear

perineal

between anus and external genitalia

Coronal/frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

horizontal/transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left sides

midsagittal plane

divides body equally into right and left

parasagittal plane

divides body unequally into right and left

dorsal body cavity

cranial, vertebral cavities, and meninges

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Meninges

line cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

right/left pleural cavity, mediastinum

3 main structural components of any cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

general structure of plasma membrane

integral proteins, peripheral proteins, inward/outward facing layer of phospholipids (polar head)

Tight junctions of membrane

fuse plasma membranes of 2 adjacent cells to create impermeable barrier

Desmosomes of membrane

connect cells via intermediate filaments for high tensile strength

Gap junctions of membrane

channels between cells for materials to move from one cell to another

Cilia/flagella

microtubules involved in cellular movements

Microvilli

non-motile, microscopic, finger-like projection of plasma membrane that increase surface area of cell for absorption

Plasma Membrane

protective barrier, cell communication, regulates movement of substances in/out

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Rough ER

protein synthesis

Smooth ER

making/breaking down fats and calcium storage

Golgi

packaging center

Lysosomes

garbage disposal

Peroxisomes

remove toxic wastes

Cytoskeleton

supports cell shape and produces movement

Centrioles

form microtubules and aid in cell division

Define “tissue”

group of similar cells and extracellular matrix

Define extracellular matrix

Everything except cells

Epithelial tissue

lines and covers stuff

Connective tissue

protect, support, bind organs

Muscular tissue

movement

Nervous tissue

control

Special features of epithelium

High cellularity (no matrix), specialized contacts, polarity, support by CT basement membrane, AVASCULAR, nervous innervation, regeneration

Simple

1 single layer of epithelial cells

Stratified

multiple layers of epithelial cells

Squamous

flat, tile-like, nucleus bulges

Cuboidal

more square like, nucleus in middle

Columnar

longer than it is wide, nucleus towards basal

What is the most abundant and diverse type of tissue

Connective Tissue

What is the general arrangement of all types of CT

CT has very few cells but a lot of ECM

Collagen fibers in CT

tough, flexible, resists stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH)

Elastic fibers in CT

allows for stretch and recoil (RECOIL)

Reticular fibers in CT

forms spongelike framework (SUPPORT)

Types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal muscle tissue

body movement

Cardiac muscle tissue

blood movement

Types of cells present in nervous tissue

neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

What tissue type is associated with epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous

what tissue type is associated with dermis

connective tissue

what tissue type is associated with hypodermis

adipose loose connective tissue proper

Which parts of integumentary system are vascularized

Dermis and hypodermis

Types of cells hair and nails are made of

Dead keratinocytes

Sebaceous glands

located everywhere except plantar/palmar regions, produces sebum as a natural moisturizer for hair and skin

Eccrine sweat glands

watery sweat for thermoregulation that opens onto skin surface directly (palms, soles, forehead)

Apocrine sweat glands

milky sweat that opens on to hair follicle, produces body odor (axillary, anal, genital areas)

What organs make up the skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, joints

Long bone

elongated shape with 2 distinct ends (humerus, fingers)

Short bone

cube-like, no distinct ends (talus)

Flat bone

sternum, rib, scapula

Irregular bone

vertebra

Trabecular bone

spongy bone, inner layer

Compact bone

outer layer

Periosteum

thick membrane that covers external bone surface

Endosteum

thin, osteogenic membrane that covers/lines internal bone surface

Epiphyseal plate

at adulthood, epiphyseal plates close and bone replaces all the cartilage, leaving the epiphyseal line

What is an articulation

A joint

Structural classifications of joints

Presence/absence of synovial cavity and type of CT binding bones together

Functional classifications of joints

Relates to type and degree of movement allowed at the joint