MANAGEMENT OF CANCERS

oncos = tumor

ONCOLOGY

Greek

ONCOLOGY

is the study of tumors or neoplasms

Neoplasia / Neoplasm

means “new growth”

The collection of cells and stroma (stem cells that differentiate into an adult or mature form of cells) composing new growths are referred to as

Neoplasia / Neoplasm

Abnormal cell growth that would accumulate
in the body

BENIGN TUMOR

remain localized at their site of origin and are generally amenable to surgical removal. Predictably, the patient generally survives.

BENIGN TUMOR

Can be removed even without the use of chemotherapy.

Non-cancerous

MALIGNANT TUMOR

can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize).

MALIGNANT TUMOR

are collectively referred to as cancers, derived from the Latin word for crab, because they tend to adhere to any part that they seize on in an obstinate manner.

Cancerous

ONCOGENES

are mutated genes that cause excessive cell growth, even in the absence of growth factors and other growth-promoting external cues

Carcinoma

Sarcoma

Myeloma

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Mixed Types

From a histological standpoint there are hundreds of different cancers, which are grouped into six major categories:

CARCINOMA

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body

CARCINOMA

account for 80 to 90 percent of all cancer cases

CARCINOMA

Epithelial tissue is found throughout the body. It is present in the skin, as well as the covering and lining of organs and internal passageways, such as the gastrointestinal tract.

CARCINOMA

affect organs or glands capable of secretion, such as the breasts, which produce milk, or the lungs, which secrete mucus, or colon or prostate or bladder

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

CARCINOMA

2 TYPES

Adenocarcinoma

develops in an organ or gland

Adenocarcinoma

generally occur in mucus membranes and are first seen as a thickened plaque- like white mucosa. They often spread easily through the soft tissue where they occur.

Squamous cell carcinoma

originates in the squamous epithelium.

Squamous cell carcinoma

occur in many areas of the body

SARCOMA

refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat.

SARCOMA

Generally occurring in young adults, the most common often develops as a painful mass on the bone. tumors usually resemble the tissue in which they grow.

Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma

SARCOMA

(bone)

Chondrosarcoma

SARCOMA

(cartilage)

Leiomyosarcoma

SARCOMA

(smooth muscle)

Rhabdomyosarcoma

SARCOMA

(skeletal muscle)

Mesothelial sarcoma or mesothelioma

SARCOMA

(membranous lining of body cavities)

Myeloma

cancer that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow. The plasma cells produce some of the proteins found in blood.

LEUKEMIA

The disease is often associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells.

LEUKEMIA

also affects red blood cells and can cause poor blood clotting and fatigue due to anemia

develop in the glands or nodes of the

lymphatic system, a network of vessels, nodes, and

organs (specifically the spleen, tonsils, and

thymus) that purify bodily fluids and produce

infection-fighting white blood cells, or lymphocytes.

Lymphomas

develop in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system, a network of vessels, nodes, and organs (specifically the spleen, tonsils, and thymus) that purify bodily fluids and produceninfection-fighting white blood cells, or lymphocytes.

Lymphomas

may also occur in specific organs such

as the stomach, breast or brain.

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

LYMPHOMA

SUBCLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:

MIXED-TYPE

The type components may be within one category or from different categories.

P53

BRCA

Tumor suppressor genes:

P53

checks the abnormality in a certain phase and then will repair it.

Mastectomy

breast removal

Vasculogenesis

production of new blood vessels.

Angiogenesis

production of new blood vessels from existing or pre-formed blood vessels

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

Tumors have the capacity to proliferate without external stimuli, usually as a consequence of oncogene activation

Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals

Tumors may not respond to molecules that inhibit the proliferation of normal cells, usually because of inactivation of tumor suppressor genes that encode components of growth inhibitor

Altered cellular metabolism

Tumor cells undergo a metabolism switch to aerobic glycolysis (called the Warburg effect), which enables the synthesis of the macromolecules and organelles that are needed for rapid cell growth

Anaerobic glycolysis

transformation of glucose to lactate when a limited amount of oxygen is not available.

Evasion of apoptosis

Tumors are resistant to programmed cell death.

Limitless replicative potential (immortality)

Tumors have unrestricted proliferative capacity, a stem cell–like property that permits tumor cells to avoid cellular senescence (pencil-like because eventually, napupudpod yung cells → incapability for mitosis) and mitotic catastrophe

Sustained angiogenesis

Tumor cells, like normal cells, are not able to grow without a vascular supply to bring nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products. Hence, tumors must induce angiogenesis.

Ability to invade and metastasize

Tumor metastases are the cause of the vast majority of cancer deaths and arise from the interplay of processes that are intrinsic to tumor cells and signals that are initiated by the tissue environment.

Ability to evade the host immune response

cells of the innate and adaptive immune system can recognize and eliminate cells displaying abnormal antigens (e.g., a mutated oncoprotein). Cancer cells exhibit a number of alterations that allow them to evade the host immune response.

lymphomas

"solid cancers.”

leukemias

sometimes called "liquid cancers,"

Reed-Sternberg cells

diagnostically distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.