Assignment 2

Respiration

Process of exchanging gases between an organism and environment

Passive respiration

What kind of respiration is spontaneously regulated by the automatic nervous system?

Medulla oblongata and pons

What structures in the brainstem receive sensory information and regulate breathing?

Medullary rhythmically center

What part of the brainstem sends motor impulses to the diaphragm and other muscles?

Primary structures

Which type of structures are always involved in all types of breathing?

Accessory structures

What types of structures are involved in effortful and forced breathing?

Thoracic and abdominal

What are the 2 respiratory body cavities?

Thoracic

What is the top cavity?

Abdominal

What is the lower cavity?

Vertebral column, pelvic and pectoral girdles, ribs

What are the 3 major skeletal structures of the respiratory system?

33

How many total vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

7 cervical vertebrae

How many vertebrae in the neck and what are they called?

12

How many vertebrae in the thoracic?

5 lumbar vertebrae

How many vertebrae in the lower back and what is it called?

5 sacral vertebrae

How many vertebrae in the sacrum?

4 coccygeal vertebrae

How many vertebrae in the coccyx?

Cervical vertebrae

What are the smallest vertebrae?

Sacral and coccygeal

What vertebrae are fused?

Fibrous

What kind of material are intervertebral cartilages/discs made of?

C1 atlas

Which cervical vertebrae supports the skull?

C2 axis

Which cervical vertebrae allows for skull rotation?

C3-C7

Which cervical vertebrae are points of attachment for muscles of the neck?

Corpus

What is the anterior/ventral body portion of the vertebrae?

Corpus

What is this part of the vertebrae?

Vertebral foraman

What is the hole in the vertebrae for the spinal cord formed by the corpus and lamina?

Vertebral foramen

What is this part of the vertebrae?

Spinous process

What is this part of the vertebrae?

Spinous process

What is this part of the vertebrae?

articular facets

What is this part of the vertebrae?

articular facets

What are the points of attachment between vertebra?

Costal facets

What are the points of attachment between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs?

Costal facets

What is this part of the thoracic vertebrae?

Superior and inferior costal facets

What are the costal facets located on the corpus of the thoracic vertebrae?

Superior costal facets

What is this part of the thoracic vertebrae?

Transverse costal facets

What are the costal facets located on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae?

Transverse costal facets

Lumbar vertebrae

What are the largest vertebrae?

Back muscles, abdominal muscles, and diaphragm

What are points of attachment to the lumbar vertebrae?

Lumbar vertebrae

12

How many pairs of ribs?

Head

What part of the rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets?

Head

Neck

What part of the rib extends laterally?

Neck

Tubercle

What part of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet?

Tubercle

Angle

What is the point at which the curve begins in the rib?

Angle

Shaft

What is the bulk of the curvature in the ribs terminating at the costal cartilage (hyaline)?

Shaft

Posteriorly

Where are the ribs attached to the vertebral column?

First 7 ribs

What are the true ribs?

True ribs

What ribs course downward and attach to the sternum at the lowest point?

Ribs 8-10

What are the false ribs?

False ribs

What ribs connect to other ribs through cartilage but not directly to the ster hum?

Ribs 11 and 12

What are the floating ribs?

Floating ribs

What ribs have no anterior connection?

True ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

Sternum

What is the midline structure located on the anterior, superior thoracic wall where ribs meet in the front? ( breastbone)

Sternum

Manubrium

What is 6?

Corpus/body

What is 7?

Xiphoid process

What is 8?

Costal cartilage

What is 2?

Forward and upward

How to the ribs movement in order to increase thoracic volume during inspiration?

Hyaline

What are the costal cartilages made of that provides structural strength and flexibility for respiratory movement?

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

What makes up the respiratory tract?

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Pharyngeal cavity

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Vocal folds in larynx

What separates the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Nasal, oral, and pharyngeal cavities

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

Warms, moistens, and filters air

What is the role of the upper respiratory tract?

Nostrils to pharynx

Where does the nasal cavity start and end?

Lips to pharynx

Where does the oral cavity start and end?

Pharyngeal

What cavity is located at the back of the nasal and oral cavities on top of the larynx?

Directs air to lungs

What is the role of the lower respiratory tract?

Bottom of larynx to bronchi

Where does the trachea start and end?

Trachea to lungs

Where do the bronchi start and end?

Ciliated epithelial tissue

What is the respiratory tract covered by?

Cilia

What are the hair like cells in the respiratory tract that beat approximately 1000 times per minute?

Trachea

What part of the respiratory tract is made of 16-20 horseshoe-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?

Trachea

What extends from the larynx to the left and right bronchial tubes in the lungs?

Continuous mucus membrane

What is the trachea connected by?

Smooth muscle

What is in the back opening of the rings of the trachea?

Ring of trachea

Lungs

What part of the respiratory system is made of spongy, porous, highly elastic connective tissue?

3

How many lobes in the right lung?

2

How many lobes in the left lung?

Oblique fissure

What separates the lobes in the left lung?

Heart and mediastinal structures

What is the space on the left side of the body taken up by, causing the left lung to have 2 lobes?

Mediastinum

What is the middle space within the thorax that contains the heart, trachea, blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and lymph vessels?

Heart, trachea, blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and lymph vessels

What does the mediastinum include?

Mediastinum

Mainstem bronchi, lobar/secondary bronchi, segmental/tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles

What are different branches of bronchi?