ETHICS REVIEWER MIDTERM (copy)

Jeremy Bentham

Who advocated for utilitarianism alongside John Stuart Mill?

Greatest happiness principle

What is the central principle of Bentham's utilitarianism?

Felicific calculus

What term did Bentham use for calculating pleasure?

Rule utilitarianism

What type of utilitarianism did Mill introduce as a refinement?

General moral rules

Rule utilitarianism focuses on the importance of following what?

Jeremy Bentham

He is the founder of modern utilitarianism, and he believes that the right decision can give the happiness to all people

Felicific calculus

It calculates that some action can produce

Rule Utilitarian

The right thing to do is to follow or obey the rules that it can benefit to many

Example of Rule Utilitarian are

Keep promises, Don't steal, Always tell the trush

Rule Utilitarian

If everyone follows it, society will become more orderly

Act Utilitarian

Evaluates each action case by case

General rules of behavior

Rule utilitarianism assesses the utility of what?

Hedonism

What is the first key principle listed for Utilitarianism?

Hedonism Is a philosophy that places the pursuit of ___ and the avoidance of __ at the center of human motivation and ethical decision-making

Hedonism

Is a philosophy that places the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain at the center of human motivation and ethical decision-making

Hedonism

The primary goal of a person is to seek pleasure and avoid pain and suffering.

Principle of Utility

What is the second key principle of Utilitarianism listed?

Principle of Utility

This principle emphasizes that the morality of actions should be determined by their ability to maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering.

Principle of Utility

A thing is right if it results in the happiness of the majority

Consequentialism

What is the third key principle of Utilitarianism listed?

maximize happiness and minimize suffering

The fundamental principle is that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the outcomes or results it leads to

Consequentialism

The doings the people is based on the result of what their doing

If the doctor chooses to save the five patients, the action is considered morally right because it results in a better overall outcome (more lives saved), even though the action itself seems wrong.

A doctor has five patients who will die without organ transplants. A healthy person comes in for a check-up. The doctor could sacrifice that one healthy person and use their organs to save the five patients.

Consequentialism

The fundamental principle is that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the outcomes or results it leads to.

Impartiality

The principle requires treating all individuals' interests equally and impartially.

Impartiality

It doesn't prioritize the well- being of one person over another based on their identity or relationship to the decision- maker.

Impartiality

A teacher is grading exams. One of the students is their close friend, while another is someone they don’t know well. Instead of giving special treatment, the teacher grades both papers fairly based only on their answers.

Impartiality

Treating everyone equality, without bias or favoritism

Equal Consideration of Interests

: Utilitarians argue that when making decisions, one should weigh the happiness or suffering of all affected parties equally.

weigh or equal

When doing the decision it should be

Practical Decision Making

lmpartiality demands that personal biases for preferences should not affected decision making

Personal relationship or personal bias should na affect when doing decision making

Practical decicion making

Family, friends you dont just helping them but others also are example of

challenges and criticism

of this impartiality is that it can seem counterintuitive or overly demanding.

True, challengers and criticism

Equal treatment for everyone can be difficult or overly demanding

True

Utilitarianism, therefore, presents a view of ethics that strives to be objective and impartial, aiming to treat all individuals’ interests as equally important in moral considerations.

happiness, pleasure

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes overall _____ or _____ for the greatest number of people.

Consequentialist, results

It is a ____ theory, meaning it evaluates the morality of actions based on their ____

Act Utilitarianism

: This form of utilitarianism evaluates each individual action on a case-by-case basis. It assesses the specific consequences of each action to determine its moral value.

Rule utilitarians

, while still adhering to the principle of utility, focus on following rules or principles that, when consistently applied, would lead to the greatest overall happiness.

acts of man

Heart beat

human act

helping others

St. Thomas Aquinas

who develop the natural law theory?

St. Thomas Aquinas

he is closey associated with the theory of natural law, he developed in his influential work, the Summa Theologica. Aquinas, known as Doctor Angelicus ("Angelic Doctor") and Doctor Communis ("Common Doctor"), built on earlier philosophical traditions, particularly the works of Aristotle and early Christian thinkers, to frame his understanding of natural law within a Christian theological context.

Angelic doctor

Doctor angelicus means

Common doctor

Doctor communis means

For Universality and Rationality

Why was the natural law developed?

Universality

There is a problem with the bible that it is limited only to where it can reach.  

•And also, subjective moral opinion of the interpretation of its contents is also contentious. HENCE, the natural law theory was developed.

Rationality

Thomas Aquinas as influenced by early Greek thinker (Aristotle) believe that rationality in ethics and are inherently needed.

True, Rationality

Right thinking is important and necessary in ethics in order to know and do what is right and wrong

HUMAN ACTS

ACTIONS THAT PROCEEDS FROM THE WILL

 

Acts of man

ACTIONS THAT DOES NOT PROCEEDS FROM THE WILL

 

Natural law theory

____ is a system in which actions are seen as morally and ethically correct if it accords with the end purpose of human nature and human goals

True

The things that people do are right when it aligned to human nature ang han goals

law in relation to the natural law

It refers to all instances wherein human beings construct and enforce rules in their community

law in relation to the natural law

The rules that people do to fix the community ex: bawal mag tapon, mag nakaw etc

Human nature

Is what naturally- human

Human goals

It is do good and avoid evil

Imbued, bible

It comes naturally, God has ____ everyone the moral compass to do what is right or wrong – no ____ required.

•Animals for instance know what is GOOD for them even though they haven’t read the bible, they need to eat, sleep, and to have sex.

True

 The goal of man is to exercise the nature of being “Good” by following  his nature.

unnatural, immoral

Evil deeds are ____ and ___.

Basic goods

are fundamental aspects of human well-being and flourishing that are considered inherently valuable and essential to human nature.

 

LIFE

REPRODUCTION

EDUCATING OFFSPRING

SEEK GOD

LIVE IN SOCIETY

AVOID OFFENSE

SHUN IGNORANCE

What are the basic goods

Do not harm others, Protect and promote life

Preserve life- postivie injuction and Negative injuctioj

Do not commit adultery, honor marriage and family

Reproduction- positive and negative injunction

Do not harm offspring, Provide education and guidance to offspring

Educating offspring- Negative and postivie injunction

Do not neglect workship, Workship ang seek a connection with high power

seek god- postive and negative injunction

Do not live on isolation, Contribute and participate society

live in society- negative and postive injuction

Do not cause offense, be considerate and avoid causing offense

Avoid offense- positive and negative injunction

Do not neglect knowledge, pursure knowledge and understandiny

Shun ignorance- positive and negative effect

Principle of double effect

Aquinas designed this method, if given a situation or alternative wherein there is the conflicting issues as to what course of action will prevail.

The act effect principle

The action is good in itself or at least indifferent

The intention principle

The good effect must be intended.

The means end proportionately principle

There must be a proportionately grave reason for the evil effect to happen.

The right order principle

The good effect must come first before the evil effect or at least simultaneously.

immanuel kant

Who propose categorical imperative?

immanuel kant, 22

____\ was born on April ____, 1724, in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He came from a modest background and received a strict religious upbringing.

•Immanuel Kant, but at least he tried…

Categorical Imperative

was created by Kant because he believed that Rationality should be the only foundation of Ethics and Morality – No God Required.  

Human

•Being ___ is enough to know what is absolutely morally right, if you were asked 1 + 1, the correct answer is 2,  no matter your religion/God is.

Rationality, Absolute, exemptions allowed

Morality is a product of ____ therefore the categorical imperative is ____. . If it is wrong, it is wrong for everyone, no _____

Good Will

 ____ is a necessary principle wherein you do things because it is morally correct not because of the result that it might produce, you do things because it is your duty to do good

Deontological Ethical Theory, obligated to do, direct order.

●It is a form of ____.

●Duty/Obligation based Ethical Theory.

●You are ____    what is good.

●Additionally categorical imperative means _____.

Principle of Universalizability

An action is right, if and only if you could rationally will it to be universal.

Maxim

Rule and/or a principle of action.

_____ as universal law, means to have everyone in a similar situation to always act according to the same rule.

Goal

• First you have a ___.

• Maxim is the means to the ___.

True

• Then the Maxim would be Universalize - everyone will be doing the same.

• It shows that you should not set an exemption to yourself.

Principle of Humanity

Act as to treat humanity/man as an end, not as a means only.

It is about treating people (& ourselves) as end in themselves - as a being of intrinsic value.

Merely, things

• NEVER ____ as ____ or TOOLS to be used for your own purpose or satisfaction.

Society of ends

• Kingdom of ends =

Principle of Autonomy, follower, maker

• When a moral agent acts, he must understand that he is not only a ___ of
  universal law (moral law). He is also a ___ of universal law.

• Hence if you cheat on an exam, you are allowing it to be the act of all, which makes cheating morally right.

Aristotle

Who develop a virtue ethics

Aristotle, literally

•____ is around the  prominent figures of history, such as Plato & Alexander the great.

•Aristotle founded and/or influenced different disciplines;

○Biology

○Formal Logic

○Political Science

○Metaphysics

○Aesthetics

○Educational Philosophy

○Virtue Ethics

•And ____ changed the course of history

realistic, grounded, human flourishing

Aristotle's virtue ethics tried to offer a more ____ and ____ approach to morality in response to the ethical issues and intellectual setting of his time.

   It still serves as a useful and significant ethical model that places a strong emphasis on ethical behavior and a pursuit of ______

Eudaimonia

Aristotle's ethical philosophy is often referred to as virtue ethics, and he argues that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve ____.

Eudaimonia

it means live well and do well

False, eudaimonia

What is "right" or morally good, in Aristotle's view, is closely tied to the concept of people

Happiness, flourishing, and well being

Unfortunately there is not one word translation for it, roughly it is a combination of ____

Telos

it means purpose & function

True

Everything has a purpose.

Everthing has a reason

•A chair that you cannot sat on is a bad chair.

•A phone that is slow and has a failing battery is a bad phone.

True, highest good

Aristotle believed that also applies to humans.

•The ultimate purpose of human life is Eudaimonia. It is the _____.