PECT PreK-4 All Modules

Explicit instruction

Direct, skill-based, holistic, in context, developmentally appropriate, student centered and directed

Formative assessment

provides ongoing feedback, identifies strengths, weaknesses, and target areas, low stakes, addresses problems immediately

Summative assessment

evaluates learning at the end of a unit and compares it against some standard or benchmark, high stakes, (midterm, final, paper)

Scaffolding

Promotes deeper level of learning, support tailored to needs of student (modeling, coaching) that is gradually removed

Inquiry-based learning

poses questions, problems or scenarios - rather than simply presenting established facts; assisted by a facilitator

Assessment anchors

tools to better align curriculum, instruction, and assessment practices

LEA (Language Experience Approach)

combines all 4 language skills, aids fluency, centered around learner generated text.

Step 1) A shared experience, 2) creating the text, 3) read and revise, 4) read and reread, 5) extension

Receptive language

the ability to understand or comprehend language heard or read

Expressive language

being able to put thoughts into words and sentences that make sense and are grammatically accurate

Family systems theory

(Dr. Murray Bowen) individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, which is an emotional unit

Constructivist Approach

the learner is an active participant in building understanding and knowledge. Use hands-on exploration with concrete materials. Realistic and relevant learning situations. Uses scaffolding

Alphabetic principle

the understanding that the letters used in writing represent the component sounds in spoken words

Informal assessment

Sometimes referred to as criterion referenced measures. Performance is not being evaluated against established standards or rubrics, not data driven. Content and performance driven. (anecdotal notes, teacher observations, running records, rubric scores, etc.) Used to inform instruction.

Formal assessment

Assess overall achievement, compare student performance with others at their grade or rangeHave data which support the conclusions made from the test (standardized measures). Use statistics. Data is mathematically computed and summarized. Scores are percentiles, stanines, or standard scores.

Diphthong

a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel sound and goes to another (oy in oil). Refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable.

Phonological awareness

Student should be able to recognize and use rhyme, break words into syllables, blend phonemes into syllables and words, identify the beginning and ending sounds in a syllable, and see smaller words within larger words ("cat" in "catalog").

Phonemic awareness

Student will demonstrate the ability to hear rhyme and alliteration, find the different sound in a set of words, and blend and segment phonemes

Complex morpheme

a morpheme that contains a lexical morpheme (words that have meaning by themselves) and at least one grammatical morpheme (function to specify the relationship between two lexical morphemes). (ex. strong irregular verbs like swim, swam, swum)

Inflected endings

a subcategory of suffixes that indicate tense and number. To apply these rules, students will need an understanding of consonant and vowel patterns in the base word

Criterion-referenced tests

Determines whether each student has achieved specific skills or concepts, how much they know before instruction begins and after it ends, measures specific curricular skills expressed as instructional objectives, each skill is tested by at least 4 items, each individual is compared with a preset standard for acceptable achievement (performance of others is irrelevant), score is expressed as a percentage.

Norm-referenced tests

Rank each student respective to achievement of others in broad areas of knowledge, discriminates between high and low achievers, each individual is compared with other examinees and assigned a score expressed as a percentile, grade equivalent score, or a stanine.

Prosody

the defining feature of expressive reading, comprises all the variables of timing, phrasing, emphasis, and intonation that speakers use to convey meaning and make their speech lively.

Responsive listening

saying what you feel you heard the other person say. Listening with the intent of understanding, instead of replying. Enhances the ability to: obtain information, identify problems, resolve conflicts, improve the accuracy of communication, solve problems, and motivate the speaker

Semantic map(ping)/web(bing)

a method of teaching reading using graphical representations of concepts and the relationships between them. Maps or webs of words the purpose of which is to visually display the meaning-based connections between a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts

Automaticity

fast, effortless word recognition that comes from reading practice. Refers to accurate, speedy word recognition, not to reading with expression. Therefore it is necessary, but not sufficient, for fluency.

Story map

a strategy that uses a graphic organizer to help students learn the elements of a book or story. By identifying story characters, plot, setting, problem and solution, students read carefully to learn details

Reading rate

part of the broader umbrella of fluency and is measured in words read per minute, while fluency is a bit more subjective

Syntactic

relating to the rules of language

Intonation

describes how the voice rises and falls in speech. The 3 main patterns of intonation are: falling intonation, rising intonation, and fall-rise intonation

Structural analysis

the process of using familiar word parts (base words, prefixes, and suffixes) to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words

Cultural diffusion

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions, and nationalities has increased with advanced communication, transportation, and technology

Institutional development

the creation or reinforcement of a network of organizations to effectively generate, allocate and use human, material, and financial resources to attain specific objectives on a sustainable basis

Bibliography

complete or selective list of works compiled upon some common principle, as authorship, subject, place of publication, or printer; a list of source materials that are used or consulted in the preparation of a work, or that are referred to in the text

Periodical index

provides access to periodical articles by subject or author; can help you find articles about a specific topic. An index will point you to the correct periodical, the specific date, volume and issue, and page numbers for the article

Civic

of or relating to a city; municipal, of or relating to citizenship; civil, of citizens

Universal suffrage

consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens, although it may also mean extending that right to minors and non-citizens

Author's Purpose

3: To entertain, persuade, or inform

Branches of the U.S. Government

Legislative (Congress), Executive (President and Cabinet), and Judicial (Supreme Court)

Conservation

the principle that an object maintains the same size and shape if it is repositioned or divided in certain ways

Partitioning

the division of something into parts. In measurement, partitioning is done with units (meter-centimeter, gallon-quarts, etc.). The level of partitioning used in a measurement affects the precision of that measurement.

Transitivity

a mathematical property stating that if A and B satisfy a relation and B and C satisfy the same relation, then A and C also satisfy the relation. (If A=B and B=C, then A=C) Transitivity allows objects to be compared indirectly, and allows measurements to be consistent in comparisons.

Unit iteration

the repetition of a single unit for a measurement

Array

a systematic arrangement of similar objects, usually in rows or columns

Cut score

is the point that sets that predetermined level; it differentiates between those who pass and those who fail. Multiple cut scores may also be set to more finely separate students into categories (i.e. advanced, proficient, needs improvement, or unsatisfactory)

Scientific inquiry

refers to the activities through which students develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world

Discrepant event

something that does not turn out as expected. Can be used to challenge students' beliefs. Makes them more receptive to learning what you want them to learn. Can be combined with the conceptual change method.

Performance assessment

also known as alternative or authentic assessment

Quantitative

a type of information or data that is based on quantities obtained using a quantifiable measurement process.

Qualitative

descriptive, subjective, or difficult to measure

Locomotor skills

physical action that propels an individual from one place to another (i.e. moving forward, backward. or upwards)

Non-locomotor skill

a physical action an individual may perform while remaining stationary