名詞解釋 - Stage 2 - CP4 焦慮、OCD、PTSD

Define acute stress disorder.

Acute stress disorder is a short-lived anxiety reaction to a traumatic event; if it lasts more than a month, it is diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Define agoraphobia.

Agoraphobia literally means fear of the marketplace. It is an anxiety disorder in which a person fears situations where it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred, and is most commonly diagnosed in some individuals with panic disorder.

Define anxiety.

Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension accompanied by increased physiological arousal; it can be assessed by self-report, measuring physiological arousal, and observing overt behaviour.

Define anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders are disorders in which fear or anxiety is overriding; they include phobic disorders, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia.

Define behavioural inhibition.

Behavioural inhibition is the tendency to exhibit anxiety or to freeze when facing threat. In infants, it manifests as agitation and crying when faced with novel stimuli and may be a heritable predisposition for anxiety disorders.

Define body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).

Body dysmorphic disorder is a disorder marked by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance, such as facial wrinkles or excess facial or body hair.

Define compulsion.

A compulsion is the irresistible impulse to repeat an irrational act or thought over and over again.

Define depersonalisation.

Depersonalisation is an alteration in perception of the self in which the individual loses a sense of reality and feels estranged from the self and perhaps separated from the body; it may be a temporary reaction to stress and fatigue or part of panic disorder, depersonalisation disorder, or schizophrenia.

Define derealisation.

Derealisation is the loss of the sense that the surroundings are real; it is present in several psychological disorders, such as panic disorder, depersonalisation disorder, and schizophrenia.

Define dissociation.

Dissociation is a process whereby a group of mental processes is split off from the main stream of consciousness or behaviour loses its relationship with the rest of the personality.

Define exposure and response prevention (ERP).

Exposure and response prevention is the most widely used and accepted treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which the sufferer is prevented from engaging in compulsive ritual activity and instead faces the anxiety provoked by the stimulus, eventually leading to extinction of the conditioned anxiety response.

Define fear circuit.

The fear circuit is a set of brain structures, including the amygdala, that tend to be activated when an individual is feeling anxious or fearful and are especially active among people with anxiety disorders.

Define generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).

Generalised anxiety disorder is a disorder characterised by chronic, persistent anxiety and worry.

Define hoarding disorder.

Hoarding disorder is a disorder in which the person has a compulsive need to acquire objects and extreme difficulty disposing of those objects.

Define interoceptive conditioning.

Interoceptive conditioning is the classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to internal bodily sensations of arousal, as opposed to the external situations that trigger anxiety.

Define Mowrer’s two-factor model.

Mowrer’s two-factor model is a theory of avoidance learning in which fear is attached to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a noxious unconditioned stimulus, and then a person learns to escape the fear elicited by the conditioned stimulus, thereby avoiding the unconditioned stimulus.

Define obsession.

An obsession is an intrusive and recurring thought that seems irrational and uncontrollable to the person experiencing it.

Define obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts or the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again, causing significant distress and interference with everyday functioning.

Define orbitofrontal cortex.

The orbitofrontal cortex is the portion of the frontal lobe located just above the eyes and is one of three closely related brain regions that are unusually active in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Define panic attack.

A panic attack is a sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror, and impending doom, accompanied by symptoms such as laboured breathing, nausea, chest pain, choking or smothering feelings, heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating, and trembling.

Define panic disorder.

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the individual has sudden, inexplicable, and frequent panic attacks.

Define post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Post-traumatic stress disorder is an extreme response to a severe stressor, including recurrent memories of the trauma, avoidance of associated stimuli, negative emotions and thoughts, and symptoms of increased arousal.

Define prepared learning.

Prepared learning is, in classical conditioning theory, a biological predisposition to associate particular stimuli readily with the unconditioned stimulus.

Define safety behaviours.

Safety behaviours are behaviours used to avoid experiencing anxiety in feared situations, such as people with social phobia avoiding looking at others to avoid negative feedback, or people with panic disorder avoiding exercise to avoid somatic arousal that could trigger panic.

Define thought suppression.

Thought suppression is a key feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder and has the paradoxical effect of inducing preoccupation with the object of thought.

Define yedasentience.

Yedasentience is the subjective sense of knowing that one has achieved closure on an action or thought; it is theorised to be deficient among persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder.