personality psychology (grade 12)

Is a stable set of behavioural and experimental characteristics of an individual.

What is personality?

Are measured based on perceived similarities or differences.

What is Interpersonal Differences?

Study of how the environment and other factors can change the way genes are expressed. Plays an important role in development.

What is Epigenetics?

Aspects of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable. We assume someone has certain _____ based on how they behave?

What is Traits?

A test produces consistent results overtime across similar conditions.

What is Reliability?

Test is _____ if it measures what it claims to measure.

Does it cover all aspects of what is being covered.

Can it predict future behaviour outcomes.

What is Validity. (Content & Predictive)

• Consistent across situations.

• Differentiates individuals.

• Influences thoughts, emotions, and actions.

• Both biological and environmental roots.

What is the Key Characteristics of Personality?

• Mother - Daughter duo gained inspiration from Jung’s theories of personality types.

• Co-created the test designed to measure and describe personality.

What is the MBTI (Myers Brigs Type Indicator) test?

• Style of projection testing.

• Has been criticized for lack of accuracy.

• 10 pictures.

What is the Inkblot test (Rorschach)?

• Identifies five key personality traits that operate on a spectrum.

• Robert McCrae and Paul Costa developed the model.

• Became one of the most popular theories of personality.

What is the Big 5 Test?

Measures person orientation toward compassion, cooperativeness, kindness, and trustworthiness in social interactions.

What is Agreeableness (big 5)?

Measures person’s tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, stress, worry, and emotional instability.

What is Neuroticism (big 5)?

Indicates how social, talkative, or energetic someone is. Looking at assertiveness in encompassing their level of engagement with the outside world.

What is Extroversion (big 5)?

Reflects person’s imagination, curiosity, intellectual depth, and preference for variety.

What is Openness (big 5)?

• Developed the first comprehensive theory of personality.

• Included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defence mechanisms.

Who is Sigmund Freud and his theories?

• Studies myths, symbols, and dreams to understand human nature.

• Introduced the idea of archetypes and collective unconscious universal patterns of thinking.

• Considered to be one of the founding fathers.

Who is Carl Jung and his theories?

• Created the concepts of the superior and inferior complexes.

• Worked under individual psychology which each being seen as an individual whole.

Who is Alfred Adler and his theories?

• Description - Identify and classify personality traits consistently.

• Prediction - Uses traits to forecast behaviour in real world settings.

• Explanation - Understanding why people have the personalities they do.

• Application - Use personality knowledge to improve human lives.

What are the Key Responsibilities of Personality Psychologists?

• Conscious - Current thoughts and awareness.

• Preconscious - Thoughts and memories not currently in our mind and can be retrieved with effort.

• Unconscious - Thoughts and fears represented desires. Largest part of the mind and drives most of our behaviour.

What is the Psychoanalytic Theory?

Is part of the unconscious mind that is driven by pure urges, and desire for immediate pleasure.

What is the Id?

Is the rational, conscious part of the mind that balances out the Id and Superego.

What is the Ego?

Is the moral conscience, that is formed by values learned from parents and society.

What is the Superego?

Are used by the Ego to protect us from anxiety. It is unconscious and happens automatically to also reduce feelings of anxiety, guilt, or shame.

What are Defence Mechanisms?

Freuds 5 stage developmental theory. If stuck during a stage one can develop a fixation.

What are Psychosexual Stages?

Refers to the trio of personality traits that share common anti social, selfish, and manipulative tendencies.

What is the Dark Triad?

• Marked by enduring antisocial behaviour, impulsivity, selfishness, and callousness.

• Are thrill seeking and often lack remorse or emotional depth.

What is Psychopathy?

• Characterized by grandiosity, pride, egotism, and lack of empathy.

• Have inflated, positive views about themselves and crave admiration.

What is Narcissism?

• Defined by manipulative, cynical, and calculating attitude.

• Ruthlessly peruse personal goals, often using deception and betrayal without remorse.

What is Machiavellianism?

• Proposed that personality emerges from the interaction of three factors

  • Individual

  • Behaviour

  • Environment

Highlighted is the Reciprocal Determinism

What is the Social Cognitive Theory?

(Albert Bandura)

Your belief in your ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

What is Self Efficacy?

(Albert Bandura)

• Mastery Experiences - Direct success builds confidence; failure can undermine it.

• Vicarious Learning - Observing others with similar skills and abilities succeed raises belief in personal abilities.

• Social Persuasion - Encouragement and positive feedback from others can build self efficacy.

• Physiological and Emotional States - Physical states and emotions affect how capable you feel.

What are Four Sources of Self Efficacy?