Ex. Science Exam 4

What is static biomechanics?

Examines bodies, masses, and forces at first or moving at a constant velocity (or rest)

What is dynamic biomechanics?

Investigates bodies, masses, and forces when they are speeding up or slowing down

What is clinical biomechanics?

Focuses on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to perform activities of daily living including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise

What is sport biomechanics?

Applies the laws and principles of mechanics and physics to enhance sport performance through the improvement in movement techniques or the development of equipment

Occurs when all points of the body are moving in the same direction at the same speed and are traveling the same distance (Ex. 100m sprint)

• No change in direction, straight ahead is called what?

• The direction of motion is constantly changing even though the orientation of the object doesn’t change?

Linear motion

• Rectilinear translation (linear motion)

• Curvilinear translation

Referred to as rotary motion or rotation, is movement around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation

Ex. Bar in gymnastics, hammer throw

Angular motion

Occurs when linear and angular movements are combined

Ex. Walking

General motion

What does the frontal (coronal) plane separate?

Posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral)

Sagittal plane separates what?

Lateral and medial

Transverse (horizontal) plane separates what?

Superior (cephalic) and inferior (caudal)

Force that tends to shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume

Ex. Compression of our spine, liquid between each vertebrae

Compressive force (compression)

Force that tends to stretch or elongate something

Ex. Throwing a baseball, stretching the upper extremities

Tensile force (tension)

Force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance

Ex. ACL injury

Shear force

Ergonomics

Interaction between humans, the objects they use, and the environments in which they function

• Used to prevent workplace injuries and improve the capacity to return to work after injury

• Design equipment and modify work and living conditions for special populations, implement changes to the home, recreational sites and facilities, motor vehicles, schools, clinics, workplace, and other human-built environments

• Ex. standing desks, car seats

What is clinical biomechanics?

Involves work with injured/diseased individuals

• Designing individualized rehabilitation techniques, wheelchair design, tissue repair, surgical techniques, and bone and tissue design

• Osteoarthritis

When segments of the body and joint rotations occur in a specific sequence or order (normally seeking to aid in the amount of momentum generated)

Ex. Baseball pitch - start with the lower body, then hips, and then bring arm around, and then elbow starts rotation to generate force

Sequential kinetic link principle

When major movements of the body occur at the same time

Ex. Clean and jerk (weightlifting)

Simultaneous kinetic link principle

Assesses the fitness and performance capabilities to do work- or job-related activity, physical activity, exercise, perform in a sport or athletic competition

Ex. Mask

Functional testing

Identifies the presence of a disease condition, risk factors for a disease condition, or an existing injury

Ex. MRI, x-ray

Diagnostic testing

What does a metabolic cart measure (via indirect calorimetry)?

Measures VO2 (oxygen use) and VCO2 (carbon dioxide produced) with a mask

1 Liter of O2 used= about 5 kcal expended

What does an EKG/ECG (electrocardiogram) measure?

Records the electrical impulses generated by the heart

What does a spirometer measure?

Measures air flow (what’s in the mask)

What does an electromyogram (EMG) measure?

Measurement and recording of the electric activity of skeletal muscles

What is BMI and what is it used to do?

BMI= Body Mass Index

A screening tool that calculates a person's weight in kg/square of their height in meters (kg/m^2)

Quickly identify potential weight-related health risks: obesity, heart disease + diabetes

What is the difference between certification and licensure?

Certification: Requires individuals, educational programs, or institutions to be evaluated and recognized as meeting predetermined standards

• Successful completion of a valid and reliable examination (individuals) and review (educational programs and institutions)

• Anyone who has a bachelor's degree can take it (you've met the prerequisite, minimum baseline knowledge)

• Lowest level (Rob - strength & condition coach)

Licensure: Granting of permission by an official or legal authority (e.g., state government agency) to an individual or organization to engage in the legal practice of a professional activity that would otherwise be illegal

• Requirements and regulations vary among states

• Health care professionals are required to attain licensure to practice as a professional (physicians, physician assistants, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, and dietitians)

• Higher level

Why is the field of exercise and health-related science increasingly having more opportunity for professional careers?

An increase in sedentary behavior and increase in the number of chronic diseases

What is the difference between the CDC and the Department of Health and Human Services?

The CDC is related to outbreaks and major immediate health threats

HHS relates to basic human services and needs

NIH involves research related to health risks and general disease causes and treatments

What are Continuing Education Units (CEU)?

Certified individuals are usually required to obtain continuing education units (CEU) to retain their certification

Ex. Rob: Complete 6 hours of clinical work every three years

Involved in the development and implementation of specialized training programs for athletes

Works with a variety of individual and team sport athletes

• Increase muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and movement skills in an effort to improve performance

Certification, no licensure

Strength and Conditioning Coach

Involved in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries by using spinal manipulations to improve spinal motion and the body’s function

Only graduates of an accredited school may take an examination to become licensed

Chiropractor

Involved in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries to physically active individuals and athletes

• Must be certified and in some states licensed

Athletic trainer

Licensed professional that develops structured treatment and rehabilitation programs to improve mobility, reduce pain, and prevent or limit permanent disability

• Conducts evaluations of muscular fitness, range of motion, and muscle and joint functions

• Uses information to develop and implement individualized treatment programs for patients

Licensure and certification needed

Physical therapist

Licensed professional that assesses the nutritional needs of individuals

• Develops and assists with the implementation of nutritional programs

• Advises patients and clients on health and disease-related conditions

• Weight loss, diabetes control, high blood pressure control, and cholesterol reduction

Dietitian

Licensed professional that is involved in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of illness and injuries to individuals

• Has a defined scope of practice

Medical doctor

Licensed professional that assists individuals with physically, mentally, emotionally, or developmentally crippling conditions to maintain or recover working skills and daily function

• Helps individuals learn or regain the ability to perform activities of daily living, including dressing, preparing meals, and eating

Occupational Therapist

There are two types:

Clinical: Focuses on the mechanics of injury and the principles of prevention, evaluation, and treatment of musculoskeletal problems

Sport: Examines factors of human movement associated with exercise and training for the purpose of improving sport and athletic performance

Biomechanist

Evaluate and make changes at the human and work place interface

Study of the interaction between humans, the objects they use, and the environments in which they function

Ergonomist

What is the single most important risk factor associated with all cause mortality?

Low CRF (cardio respiratory fitness)

What risk factors are non-modifiable?

Increasing age

Male sex

Family history of CVD

Race

What risk factors are modifiable?

Smoking

High blood cholesterol

Uncontrolled high blood pressure

Physical inactivity

Obesity and overweight

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

High C-reactive protein

Uncontrolled stress or anger

Greatest/most important risk factor for CVD?

EXERCISE

What is the difference between a clinical research trial and an epidemiological study?

Clinical research trial: comparison test of a medical intervention versus a control condition, placebo condition, or the standard medical treatment for a patient’s condition

Epidemiological study: Research investigations conducted to identify factors that affect the health and disease of populations

Kinetics vs Kinematics

Kinetics: Explains why something moves, focuses on the force that causes or affects motion, Ex. force, mass, momentum, torque

Kinematics: Describes how something moves, focuses on motion w/o considering forces

Ex. position, velocity, acceleration, displacement, how fast a runner moves and in what direction

What is validity vs reliability?

Validity: Accuracy, how well a tool measures what it is intended to measure

Reliability: Consistency of a measurement over time

When testing someone’s fitness is it best advised to use the same modality as the person will use in their training?

YES because if someone is skilled at something they will be able to enhance their skills on that modality

What does an EEG (electroencephalogram) measure?

Electrical activity in the brain/nerves

What does a Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) measure? How is it calculated?

Measures the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed by the body

Relying on fats (Lower RER) or carbohydrates (higher RER)

VCo2/VO2

What is thermotherapy?

Heat therapy

• Uses 104 degrees F

• Increase tissue temp

• Promotes pain relief

• Improved blood circulation

• Muscle stiffness

• Increased ROM

• Heat packs via hydrocollator

What is a dynamometer? What would be examples of measuring isometric strength? (*remember, “Iso” metric means “same length”…referring to the muscle not changing length but still generating force)

Isokinetic dynamometer

BIODEX:

• Measures muscular power

• There is a set velocity

• The computer reads force output

• There is a set ROM

DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry):

• Uses X-ray to measure bone, fat, + fat-free mass

• Gold standard for any measurement around the body

• Waist, thigh, chest, shoulders - in diameter, width, etc

What does the term evidence-based medicine mean?

Using high-quality scientific research to guide healthcare decisions, research + treatment recommendations

Healthspan vs lifespan

Healthspan: The length of time a person lives in good health w/o serious chronic diseases/conditions, disability, or major decline in function

• How long you live well

Lifespan: The total length of time a person lives, from birth to death

• How long you live

What are the 5 health-related physical fitness components?

1. Cardiovascular endurance

2. Muscular strength

3. Muscular endurance

4. Flexibility

5. Body composition

With no net force upon it, an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion. Both objects continue with some inertia, keeping some velocity

Newton’s law of inertia

The acceleration of an object is dependent upon the net force acting upon the object + mass of the object

• Mass x acceleration

Law of force

For every action there is an equal + opposite reaction

The law of action + reaction