BLOOD TYPES PRACTICAL
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134 Terms
What is hematocrit?
The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.
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What does vol % mean in hematocrit?
Volume percentage.
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells.
What are the three layers formed after centrifuging blood?
Plasma, buffy coat, and hematocrit layer.
What is plasma?
The liquid portion of blood containing water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, and dissolved substances.
What color is plasma?
Pale yellow.
What is found in the buffy coat?
White blood cells and platelets.
What is the hematocrit layer composed of?
Red blood cells.
What is the normal hematocrit range in females?
About 37–47%.
What is the normal hematocrit range in males?
About 42–52%.
What does a low hematocrit indicate?
Anemia.
What does anemia mean?
A reduced number of red blood cells or reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
What symptoms can anemia cause?
Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
What does a high hematocrit indicate?
Polycythemia.
What is polycythemia?
An abnormally high number of red blood cells.
Why is polycythemia dangerous?
It increases blood viscosity and clot risk.
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
What protein carries oxygen in red blood cells?
Hemoglobin.
What is the shape of a human red blood cell?
Biconcave disc.
Why are red blood cells biconcave?
To increase surface area for gas exchange.
Do mature human red blood cells contain a nucleus?
No.
Why is flexibility important for red blood cells?
It helps them pass through narrow capillaries.
Do all animal red blood cells lack nuclei?
No, many non-mammalian vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.
Which blood group system is the major blood typing system?
The ABO blood group system.
Who discovered the ABO blood group system?
Karl Landsteiner.
When did Karl Landsteiner receive the Nobel Prize for the ABO system?
1930.
On which chromosome is the ABO gene located?
Chromosome 9q34.
How many alleles exist in the ABO blood group system?
Three.
What are the three ABO alleles?
A, B, and O.
What does codominance mean in the ABO system?
A and B alleles are both expressed together.
Which ABO allele is recessive?
O.
What are antigens?
Markers on the red blood cell membrane recognized by the immune system.
Where are ABO antigens located?
On the membrane of red blood cells.
What are antibodies?
Proteins in plasma that attack foreign antigens.
What happens if incompatible blood is mixed?
Agglutination occurs.
What is agglutination?
Clumping of red blood cells caused by antigen-antibody reactions.
Why is agglutination dangerous?
It can block blood vessels and lead to hemolysis.
What antigens are present in blood type A?
A antigens.
What antibodies are present in blood type A plasma?
Anti-B antibodies.
What blood types can type A receive?
A and O.
What blood types cannot type A receive?
B and AB.
What antigens are present in blood type B?
B antigens.
What antibodies are present in blood type B plasma?
Anti-A antibodies.
What blood types can type B receive?
B and O.
What blood types cannot type B receive?
A and AB.
What antigens are present in blood type AB?
Both A and B antigens.
What antibodies are present in blood type AB plasma?
None.
Why is AB called the universal recipient?
Because it has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies and can receive all ABO blood types.
What antigens are present in blood type O?
None.
What antibodies are present in blood type O plasma?
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Why is type O called the universal donor?
Because its red blood cells lack A and B antigens.
Which blood type is considered the safest universal donor?
O negative.
Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
AB positive.
What serum is used to test for A antigen?
Anti-A serum.
What serum is used to test for B antigen?
Anti-B serum.
What serum is used to test for Rh antigen?
Anti-D serum.
What does clumping with Anti-A serum indicate?
A antigen is present.
What does clumping with Anti-B serum indicate?
B antigen is present.
What does clumping with Anti-D serum indicate?
Rh antigen is present.
What does no clumping with Anti-D serum indicate?
Rh negative blood.
What is the Rh blood group system mainly based on?
The D antigen.
Who discovered the Rh system?
Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener.
When was the Rh system discovered?
1937.
Why is the Rh system called “Rh”?
It was named after rhesus monkeys used in experiments.
Do humans have monkey blood because of the Rh system?
No.
What did scientists discover using rhesus monkeys?
A similar antigen system called the Rh factor.
What does Rh positive mean?
The D antigen is present.
What does Rh negative mean?
The D antigen is absent.
Is Rh positive or Rh negative dominant?
Rh positive is dominant.
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
A disease caused when maternal antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells.
What is another name for hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Erythroblastosis fetalis.
What maternal blood type is associated with Rh hemolytic disease?
Rh negative.
What fetal blood type is associated with Rh hemolytic disease?
Rh positive.
What happens during the first Rh-positive pregnancy in an Rh-negative mother?
The mother develops anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to fetal blood.
Why is the first Rh-positive baby usually unaffected?
The mother develops antibodies after exposure, usually near delivery.
What happens in later Rh-positive pregnancies?
Maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack fetal red blood cells.
What does hemolysis mean?
Destruction of red blood cells.
What can Rh hemolytic disease cause in the fetus?
Anemia, jaundice, brain damage, heart failure, or death.
What prevents Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Anti-D immunoglobulin (RhoGAM).
What is a blood transfusion?
The transfer of donor blood into a patient’s circulation.
Are most blood transfusions safe?
Yes.
What are allergic reactions during transfusion caused by?
Immune reactions to donor blood components.
What symptoms can occur during an allergic transfusion reaction?
Anxiety, chest pain, back pain, breathing difficulty, fever, chills, flushing, clammy skin, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, and nausea.
What is done at the first sign of a transfusion reaction?
The transfusion is stopped.
Can viruses survive in donated blood?
Yes.
What infectious diseases can theoretically be transmitted by blood transfusion?
HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
How do blood banks reduce infection risk?
By carefully screening donated blood.
What is variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)?
The human form of Mad Cow Disease.
Why can fever occur after transfusion?
The body reacts to donor white blood cells.
How can transfusion-related fever risk be reduced?
By removing white blood cells from donor blood.
What is iron overload?
Excess iron accumulation caused by repeated blood transfusions.
Which patients are especially at risk for iron overload?
Patients with thalassemia requiring multiple transfusions.
Which organs can iron overload damage?
The liver, heart, and other organs.
What is iron chelation therapy?
Treatment used to remove excess iron from the body.
What is transfusion-related lung injury?
A rare transfusion complication causing breathing difficulty and lung damage.
When does transfusion-related lung injury usually occur?
Within about 6 hours of transfusion.
Can transfusion-related lung injury be fatal?
Yes.