Unit 5 Into to health AP PSYCH

Stress

An emotional response to demands that are perceived as threatening or exceeding one’s ability to cope.

Stressor

A trigger that prompts a stress reaction.

Stress reaction

The physical and emotional response to a stressor.

Stress appraisal

How we interpret and evaluate a stressor.

Eustress

Positive, motivating stress.

Distress

Negative, harmful stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The body’s three-stage response to long-term stress: alarm (fight-or-flight), resistance (coping with stress), and exhaustion (body becomes worn out).

Fight or flight response

The body’s automatic reaction to danger, preparing you to either fight the threat or run away by increasing heart rate, breathing, and energy.

Problem focused coping

Trying to solve the problem causing the stress.
Example: studying more if you're stressed about a test.

Emotion focused coping

Trying to manage your feelings about the stress instead of the problem itself.
Example: talking to a friend or relaxing to feel better.

Explanatory style

The way a person explains good or bad events in their life (optimistic vs. pessimistic thinking).

Tend-and-Befriend Theory

The idea that some people, especially women, respond to stress by protecting others (tend) and seeking social support (befriend) instead of fighting or fleeing.

Positive Psychology

Study of what makes life good and helps people thrive

Well-being (Subjective Well-being)

How happy and satisfied you feel with life

Resilience

Ability to bounce back from tough situations

Positive Emotions/Psychological Health

Feelings like happiness, love, and calm that support mental health

Gratitude

Feeling thankful for what you have

Strengths

Personal skills or qualities you’re good at

Virtues

• Wisdom – Using knowledge well

• Courage – Facing fear

• Humanity – Being kind and caring

• Justice – Being fair

• Temperance – Self-control

• Transcendence – Finding meaning or purpose beyond yourself

Post-Traumatic Growth

Positive change after a difficult experience

Fight or Flight Response

Body prepares to face danger or run away

Tend and Befriend Theory

People (especially females) respond to stress by caring for others and seeking support

Dysfunction

Behavior that interferes with daily life

Distress

Negative stress or suffering

Deviation from Social Norm

Behavior that goes against what society expects

Diagnosis

Identifying a mental disorder

• Consequences – Can involve stigma, discrimination, or bias (racism, sexism, etc.)

Stigma

Negative labels or judgment about mental illness

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)

• U.S. guide for diagnosing mental disorders

ICD (International Classification of Diseases)

Global system for classifying diseases

Eclectic Approach

Using different therapies together

Behavioral Perspective

Behavior is learned

Psychodynamic Perspective

Focus on unconscious thoughts and childhood

Humanistic Perspective

Focus on growth and self-worth

Cognitive Perspective

Focus on thoughts and thinking patterns

Sociocultural Perspective

Focus on social and cultural influences

– Focus on brain and body

Focus on brain and body

Biopsychosocial Model

Combines biological, psychological, and social factors

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorder develops from vulnerability + stress

ADHD

Trouble focusing, hyperactive, impulsive

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Difficulty with social skills and communication

• Schizophrenia

Disorder with distorted thinking and reality

Positive Symptoms

Added behaviors (hallucinations, delusions)

Negative Symptom

Missing normal behaviors (emotion, motivation)

Delusions

False beliefs

– Seeing/hearing things not real

Seeing/hearing things not real

Disorganized Thinking (Word Salad)

Confusing speech

Flat Affect

No emotional expression

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Severe, long-lasting sadness

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Mild but long-term depression

Bipolar I & II

Extreme mood swings (mania + depression)

Mania

Very high energy, risky behavior

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Constant worry

Panic Disorder

Sudden intense fear attacks

Specific Phobia

Fear of a specific object/situation

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of social situations

Agoraphobia

Fear of places where escape is hard

Taijin Kyofusho

Fear of offending others (culture-based)

Ataque de nervios

Intense emotional reaction (culture-based)

OCD

Unwanted thoughts + repeated behaviors

PTSD

Stress after trauma

DID

Multiple identities

Anorexia Nervosa

Extreme restriction of food

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating + purging

Deinstitutionalization

Moving patients out of hospitals into communities

Ethical Principles (APA)

• Nonmaleficence – Do no harm

• Fidelity – Be trustworthy

• Integrity – Be honest

• Respect – Respect people’s rights

Psychodynamic Therapy

Explore unconscious thoughts

– Say whatever comes to mind

Say whatever comes to mind

Dream Analysis

Interpret dreams

Cognitive Therapy

Change negative thinking

Cognitive Restructuring

Replace harmful thoughts

• Cognitive Triad

Negative views of self, world, future

Exposure Therapy

Face fears gradually

Systematic Desensitization

Relax while facing fears

ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis)

Reinforce good behavior

Token Economy

Rewards for positive behavior

CBT

Combines thoughts + behavior change

DBT

Helps regulate emotions

REBT

Change irrational beliefs

Humanistic Therapy

Focus on personal growth

Person-Centered Therapy

Client leads session

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting without judgment

Active Listening

Fully paying attention

Psychoactive Medications

Drugs that affect the brain

Antidepressants

Treat depression

Antianxiety Medications

Reduce anxiety

• Lithium

• Stabilizes mood (bipolar)

Antipsychotic Medications

Treat schizophrenia

Tardive Dyskinesia

Uncontrollable movements (side effect)

ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

Electric stimulation for severe depression

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)

Magnetic pulses to treat depression