Module 2

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering basic pharmacology, drug regulation, kinetics, dynamics, and safety based on the lecture notes.

Federal Drug Administration (FDA)

The agency that reviews and approves prescription and over-the-counter medications for safety and efficacy before they are marketed.

FDA Modernizing Act (1997)

Legislation that provided fast tracks for drugs treating AIDS and cancer, required 6 months notice before discontinuing a drug, and established a clinical trial database.

Chemical Name

A drug name based on its chemical structure, for example: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol.

Generic Name

The official, non-proprietary name of a drug, such as Acetaminophen.

Trade Name

The brand or proprietary name given by a pharmaceutical company, such as Tylenol.

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

The agency responsible for investigating illegal drug trafficking and regulating the legal production and distribution of controlled substances.

Schedule I

Controlled substances with high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use.

Schedule II

Controlled substances with high abuse potential and an accepted medical use.

Schedule III

Controlled substances with moderate abuse potential and an accepted medical use.

Schedule IV

Controlled substances with low abuse potential and an accepted medical use.

Schedule V

Controlled substances with low abuse potential and an accepted medical use.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of the effects of the body on the drug, encompassing absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmacodynamics

The study of the effects of the drug on the body, including dose-response relationships and receptor interactions.

Absorption

The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood, influenced by route, rate of dissolution, and lipid solubility.

Distribution

The movement of medication from the bloodstream into the cells, affected by blood flow, the blood brain barrier, and protein binding (albumin).

First Pass Effect

A phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Cytochrome P450 System

A hepatic enzyme system (CYP) responsible for the metabolism of many drugs; can be inhibited by substances like grapefruit juice.

Normal Creatinine (Males)

$0.6$ to $1.1\,mg/dL$.

Normal Creatinine (Females)

$0.5$ to $1.1\,mg/dL$.

Normal Creatinine (One Kidney)

$1.8$ to $1.9\,mg/dL$.

Maximal Efficacy

The largest effect that a drug can produce regardless of the dose.

Potency

A measure of the amount of drug (dose) required to produce a specific intensity of effect.

Critical Concentration

The amount of a drug needed in the body to cause a therapeutic effect.

Loading Dose

A higher dose than usual administered at the start of treatment to reach critical concentration rapidly.

Half-Life

The time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to half of its peak level.

Agonist

A molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.

Antagonist

A molecule that binds to a receptor and inhibits or blocks its activation.

Therapeutic Index (TI)

The ratio of the dose that causes toxicity to the dose that produces a therapeutic effect, calculated as $TI = \frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$.

Anaphylaxis

An immediate, severe allergic reaction involving antibody-site-chemical interaction, affecting the skin, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems.

Cytotoxic Reaction

An allergic reaction where antibodies cause cell death, potentially leading to decreased H/H, WBC, and platelets.

Serum Sickness

A delayed allergic reaction occurring 1+ week after exposure, characterized by fever, lymphatic involvement, and tissue damage from vessel deposition.

Stomatitis

Drug-induced inflammation or sores within the mucous membranes of the mouth.

Blood Dyscrasia

Bone marrow suppression caused by drug toxicity, requiring monitoring of blood counts.

Teratogenicity

The capacity of a drug to cause defects or malfunctions in a developing fetus.

Medication Error

Any preventable event that may cause inappropriate medication use or patient harm, often due to performance or knowledge deficits.