Aldehydes and Ketones Practice Flashcards

These vocabulary flashcards cover the nomenclature, physical properties, preparation methods, and chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones as described in the CHM 2206 lecture by Prof. R. Jagessar.

Aldehydes

A class of organic compounds characterized by the general formula $RCHO$.

Ketones

A class of organic compounds characterized by the general formula $RCOR'$.

IUPAC convention

The system used for naming aldehydes and ketones by selecting the longest continuous carbon chain and numbering from the end with the functional group.

Polar molecules

Molecules with a net dipole moment; aldehydes and ketones are polar due to charge separation across the carbonyl group.

H-bond acceptor

A role aldehydes and ketones can play with water or alcohol molecules, though they cannot act as H-bond donors to themselves.

PCC (Pyridium chlorochromate)

A mild oxidant used to stop the oxidation of a primary alcohol at the aldehyde stage.

Swern oxidation

An alternative oxidation method using dimethylsulfoxide ($DMSO$) and oxalyl chloride ($(COCl)_2$) to convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde.

Ozonolysis

A reaction where alkenes react with ozone ($O_3$) and dimethylsulphide ($(CH_3)_2S$) to yield a mixture of aldehydes and ketones.

Nucleophilic addition

A reaction involving the addition of a nucleophile and a proton across the $C=O$ double bond, changing carbon hybridization from $sp^2$ to $sp^3$.

Grignard reagents

Organometallic reagents ($RMgX$) used to react with formaldehyde, aldehydes, or ketones to produce primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols respectively.

$\beta$-hydroxycyano compound

The product formed from the reaction of an aldehyde with $HCN$, which can subsequently be hydrolyzed to a $\beta$-hydroxycarboxylic acid.

Clemmensen Reduction

A reduction method using zinc with mercury and hydrochloric acid ($Zn/Hg/HCl$) to reduce a carbonyl group to a methylene unit.

Wolff Kishner reduction

A reduction method using hydrazine ($N_2H_4$) and a base ($-OH$) to reduce a carbonyl group to a methylene unit.

Dihydroxy compound

The result of reacting aldehydes and ketones with acidified water ($H^+/H_2O$).

Hemi-acetal

The product formed when an aldehyde reacts with one mole of an alcohol.

Acetal

The product formed when an aldehyde reacts with two moles of an alcohol.

Carbinolamine

A condensation product formed by the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia or ammonia derivatives.

Schiff’s base

A type of compound formed via the dehydration of a carbinolamine.

Oxime

The specific condensation product formed when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydroxylamine ($NH_2OH$).

Hydrazone

The specific condensation product formed when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydrazine ($N_2H_4$).

Phenylhydrazone

The specific condensation product formed when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with phenylhydrazine.

Tollens reagent

A silver-ammonia complex ($Ag(NH_3)_2^+$) used as a selective functional group test for aldehydes, yielding silver metal ($Ag$).