Anatomy: growth & development

Unique & defining feature of a plant

1. Cell wall 2. Chloroplast 3. Square shape 4.one big vacuole 5. Plastids

Unique & defining features of an animal

1. Cell membrane 2 lysosomes 3. roundshaped 4. Many small vacuoles 5.cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Loc. N/A

Nuclear membrane

Loc. N/A

Chromatin

Loc. N/A

Nucleolus

Loc. N/A

Cilia

Loc. Trachea

Ribosomes

Loc. Skin pancreas, muscle

Golgi body

Loc. Skin pancreas, muscle

Rough Er

Loc. Skin pancreas, muscle

Mitochondria

Heart immune system

Cytoplasm

N/A

Microfilaments

Muscle fibers

Vacuole

Skin, kidney

Cell membrane

N/A

Microtubules

Kidney, liver, skin

Lysosomes

Immune system

Flagella

Sperm cells

Smooth Er

Nervous system

Cell wall

N/A

Chloroplast

Leaves

Plastid

Fruit

Homologous chromosomes

Carrying the same info

Chromatin

Pile of chromosomes

Chromatid

Single chromosome

Sister chromatids

Two homologous chromosomes paired

Tetras

2 sisters paired together

Centromere

Holds arms of chromosomes together to form sisters

Centrioles

Part of cell structure,produce spindle fibers

Spindle fibers

Latch to chromosomes & drag them through cell division

Interphase

Prep. For DNA rep. 46-92,3 billion nucleotides made, structures made

Interphase: contains

Contains nucleus, chromatin, centriols

Prophase

Centrioles make spindles, sisters paired by centromere

Prometaphase

Get rid of nucleus, spindles attach to centromere

Prophase: contains

Contains nucleus, sisters, centromere, centrioles

Prometaphase: contains

Nucleus going away, sisters, centromere, centrioles, spindles

Metaphase

Getting sister chromatids to the middle bc spindle fibers

Metaphase: contains

Sisters, spindles, centromere, centrioles

Anaphase

Sisters are split apart to chromatid w/its own centromere

Anaphase: contains

Chromatid, centromere, centrioles, spindles

Telophase

2 nuclei are made, still chromatids w/ centromeres, spindles start to disappear, cleavage furrow gets closer til cell membrane disappears

Telophase: contains

2 nuclei. Centromere, centrioles, spindle-chromatid

Cytokinesis

Chromatin, no centromeres, centrioles go back

Cytokinesis: contains

Nucleus, chromatin, centrioles

Prophase 1

Sisters crossover, genes for same feature

Metaphase1

Tetras line up

Why no interphase 11

Don't want to keep copying, need haploids

Development scheme

Zygote → morula → blastulas → gastrula

Cell type: mitosis

somatic

Cell type: meiosis

gamete

Example: mitosis cells

Skin, blood, ligaments

Example: meiosis cells

Egg, sperm

Mitosis #of cells

2

Meiosis #of cells

4

Genetic makeup: mitosis

identical

Genetic makeup: meiosis

different

Set of chrome: mitosis

2 (diploid)

Set of chrome: meiosis

1 (haploid)

Phases repeated: mitosis

No

Phases repeated: meiosis

Yes

Female meiosis

Women are born with full set of eggs, which start meiosis I at fetal period and stop early on, after puberty, meiosis I is complete, meiosis II occurs after fertilization

Male meiosis

Production of germ cells begins at puberty, goes on continuously, produce four sperm from one germ cell

Fertilization

Egg& sperm join to form zygote ( in fallopian tube)

Cleavage

Rapid cell division

Of cells: morula

16

Of cells: blastula/blastocyst

128

How does germinal stage of development end

Blastula implants in uterus

Differentiation

Transition from general to specialized (~6 days post fert.

Totipotent

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell (zygote)

Pluripotent

Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types (blastula)

gastrula

3-layered embryo

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; skin, nervous system,outer openings

Endoderm

innermost germ layer; organs

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; muscle (heart), bone, blood,fat

Epithelial location

Inner /outer lining

Connective location

Between other tissues

Muscle location

On bones & lines organs

Nervous location

All throughout body

Epithelial function

Regulation ( specific to each shape)

Connective function

Support & structure

Muscle function

Movement (2 types)

Nervous function

Communication & respond to stimuli

Epithelial classification

Shape & #of cells

Connective classification

Type of fiber

Muscle classification

Striations & type of movement

Nervous classification

Type of neuron

Epithelial types

squamous, cuboidal, columnar (simple or stratified)

Connective types

Areolar, adipose (loose)ligament,tendon,irregular,cartilage (dense) bone, blood(specialized)

Muscle types

Smooth (involuntary & not striated) cardiac (involuntary & striated) skeletal (voluntary & striated)

Nervous types

Motor neuron, glial cell