B3: Organisation & The Digestive System

An ?? is a group of systems working together to make one independent living thing.

Organism

An ?? system consists of organs working together.

Organ

_ are groups of the same or similar cells linked together with a specific function.

Tissues

_ are groups of tissues working together to perform a function.

Organs

_ are the smallest unit of life; they are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

Cells

The hierarchy of biological organization is: Cells => ?? => Organs => Organ System => Organism.

Tissue

_ contracts and relaxes, aiding in moving the stomach and mixing food with acid and enzymes.

Muscular tissue

_ secretes substances such as enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

Glandular tissue

_ lines surfaces and functions in protection, secretion, and covering.

Epithelial tissue

_ is the process of breaking down food from large molecules into small, soluble ones.

Digestion

The ?? produce saliva, which contains the enzyme amylase.

Salivary glands

The movement of food through the oesophagus is facilitated by ??

Peristalsis

The stomach mixes food with enzymes and ?? for chemical digestion.

acid - HCl

The ?? makes enzymes like carbohydrase, protease, and lipase, but no digestion occurs here.

Pancreas

The __ stores bile, which helps in fat digestion.

Gall Bladder

The __ absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream and makes enzymes.

Small intestine

_ is the sum of all reactions in a cell or in the body, with different enzymes catalyzing different reactions.

Metabolism

An enzyme that speeds up a reaction without being changed.

catalyst

A key fits a lock; similarly, the substrate fits into an enzyme’s ??

active site

The iodine test shows __ coloration if starch is present.

blue-black

A positive Benedict’s test for sugars results in a ?? colour upon heating

brick red

A blue Biuret reagent turns ?? if protein is present.

purple

Adding ethanol to a solution gives a cloudy white layer if a ?? is present.

lipid

Lower temperatures result in ???, leading to slower reactions.

less kinetic energy

In warmer temperatures, there is ??? allowing for a faster reaction rate.

more kinetic energy

Excess heat can ? enzymes by changing the shape of the active site.

denature

The __ is the longest part of the digestive system, absorbing nutrients.

small intestine

? and ? increase the surface area in the small intestine for better absorption.

Villi and microvilli

Each starch solution in the Enzymes Required Practical is maintained at a temperature of ?? degrees Celsius.

25

Starch is a complex carbohydrate made of small sugar molecules like ?

glucose

Proteins consist of long chains of small molecules called ??

amino acids

Lipids are made of fat molecules with _ and glycerol.

fatty acids

Bile has two roles: role 1. ?? which neutralizes acidic food,

Neutralization

The enzyme, __, breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Carbohydrase

The enzyme __ breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Protease

Lipids are broken down into glycerol and ? fatty acids.

3

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the ?

Gall Bladder

?? in the stomach helps speed up digestion by creating acidic conditions.

Hydrochloric Acid

Water and other substances are __ from the food in the small intestine.

absorbed

The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and _.

ileum

The enzyme, __ helps digest fats in the small intestine.

Lipase

Starch is broken down by amylase, which is made in the __ and acts in the mouth and small intestine.

salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

In the small intestine, the pancreas produces enzymes that continue __ digestion.

chemical

Bile has 2 role: role 2: ?? acts only on lipids / fats, it increases surface area which can digest them faster and more substrate surface to act on

Emulsification

equation for the rate of reaction

volume of product formed / time