AP Art History Practice Flashcards: Units 1-9

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the major artworks, styles, and periods from the video lecture transcript, ranging from Prehistoric Arts to the Pacific and global modern movements.

Apollo 11 Stone

Created c. 25000 B.C.E. in Namibia using charcoal on stone, this figure resembles a feline body with human hind legs, known as a Therianthrope.

Great Hall of the Bulls

Located in Lascaux, France (15000-13000 B.C.E.), these rock paintings were likely used for religious rituals and storytelling to preserve history and show the importance of survival.

Camelid Sacrum in the Shape of a Canine

A prehistoric bone carving found in central Mexico (14000-7000 B.C.E.) made from the fossilized remains of a camelid pelvic bone, possibly symbolizing fertility or ancestry.

Running Horned Woman

An Algerian rock painting (6000-4000 B.C.E.) featuring a woman with horns running in profile perspective, utilizing hierarchical scale and white dots as body paint.

Beaker with Ibex Motifs

A painted terra cotta vessel from Susa, Iran (4200-3500 B.C.E.) featuring geometric lines, a central mountain goat, running greyhounds, and birds for funerary practices.

Anthropomorphic Stele

A 4th millennium B.C.E. sandstone monument from the Arabian Peninsula serving as a vertical grave marker, featuring a trapezoid head, a necklace, and daggers on a belt.

Jade Cong

Neolithic Chinese carved jade tubes (3300-2200 B.C.E.) featuring square rectangular exteriors (representing earth) and hollow circular interiors (representing heavens) found in graves.

Stonehenge

A Wiltshire, UK monument (2500-1600 B.C.E.) built in three phases using post and lintel construction with durable bluestone and sandstone to mark solstices and serve as a burial site.

The Ambum Stone

A greywacke freestanding sculpture from Papua New Guinea (1500 B.C.E.) most likely depicting an egg-laying mammal called an Echidna.

Tlatilco Female Figurine

A ceramic figurine from Central Mexico (1200-900 B.C.E.) found in graves, often depicting two faces to symbolize duality like birth and death or evil and good.

Terra Cotta Fragments (Lapita)

Molded unglazed clay fragments from the Solomon Islands (1000 B.C.E.) featuring geometric anthropomorphic faces created using a method called dentate stamping.

White Temple and its Ziggurat

A Sumerian mud brick structure (3500-3000 B.C.E.) in Uruk with a tripartite plan, whitewashed walls, and a raised platform dedicated to the god Anu.

Palette of King Narmer

A Predynastic Egyptian greywacke palette (3000-2920 B.C.E.) used for grinding makeup, commemorating the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt.

Statues of Votive Figures

Sumerian gypsum figures from Tell Asmar (2900-2600 B.C.E.) with v-shaped bodies and eyes larger than hands, placed in shrines as stand-in worshippers.

Seated Scribe

A painted limestone figure from Saqqara (2620-2500 B.C.E.) depicting an elite individual with a tranquil face and wisdom, used for funeral purposes.

Standard of Ur

A Sumerian box (2600-2400 B.C.E.) inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone featuring three registers depicting themes of war and peace.

Great Pyramids of Giza

Royal mortuary complexes for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure (2550-2490 B.C.E.) made of cut limestone and aligned with cardinal points to reflect the solar cycle.

King Menkaura and Queen

An Old Kingdom greywacke sculpture (2490-2472 B.C.E.) depicting a pharaoh and his wife stepping forward with their left feet to communicate divinity and entry into the afterlife.

The Code of Stele of Hammurabi

A 7.4-foot basalt monument from Babylon (1792-1750 B.C.E.) inscribed with cuneiform laws, depicting King Hammurabi receiving codes from the sun god Shamash.

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall

A New Kingdom Egyptian sandstone and mudbrick complex featuring an axial design, clerestory lighting, and massive columns and pylons.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

A New Kingdom funerary monument (1473-1458 B.C.E.) partially carved into a rock cliff, featuring statues of a woman pharaoh with traditional masculine symbols like a fake beard.

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters

A New Kingdom limestone relief (1353-1335 B.C.E.) depicting a family connected to the sun god Aten via rays ending in Ankh symbols.

Tutankhamun’s Tomb (Innermost Coffin)

A solid gold sarcophagus (1323 B.C.E.) inlaid with enamel and semi-precious stones, featuring a death mask and symbols of a right to rule like the crook and flail.

Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

A painted papyrus scroll (1275 B.C.E.) from the Book of the Dead showing Anubis weighing a heart against a feather to determine entry into the afterlife.

Lamassu

Neo-Assyrian alabaster protective genies (720-705 B.C.E.) featuring human heads, winged bull bodies with five legs, and expressive eyes to guard city entrances.

Athenian Agora

A central marble precinct in Athens (600 B.C.E.-150 C.E.) that evolved from a burial ground to a government center and marketplace dedicated to Athena.

Anavysos Kouros

An Archaic Greek marble grave marker (530 B.C.E.) for Krisos, depicting an idealized naked male youth with influences from Egyptian art.

Peplos Kore

An Archaic Greek marble statue (530 B.C.E.) of a young maiden wearing a peplos robe, featuring a transcendent facial expression and braided hair.

Sarcophagus of the Spouses

An Etruscan terra cotta grave marker (520 B.C.E.) from northern Italy depicting a deceased couple in a pose of intimacy with an archaic smile.

Audience Hall (Apadana) of Darius and Xerxes

A Persian limestone complex (520-465 B.C.E.) at Persepolis featuring 72 tall columns with animal capitals to display the authority of the King.

Temple of Minerva and Apollo Sculpture

An Etruscan temple at Veii (510-500 B.C.E.) featuring a triple cella, Tuscan columns, and terra cotta statues like Apollo by master sculptor Vulca.

Tomb of the Triclinium

An Etruscan subterranean rock tomb (480-470 B.C.E.) featuring fresco wall paintings of dancers, musicians, and a festive three-couched dining room banqueting scene.

Niobides Krater

A Classical Greek clay calyx-krater using red-figure technique to depict the myth of Leto's children (Apollo and Artemis) avenging her honor by killing Niobe's children.

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

A sculpture by Polykleitos (450-440 B.C.E.) establishing a canon of proportions based on contrapposto to showcase the beauty and harmony of the human body.

Acropolis

The most important religious center in Greece (447-410 B.C.E.), containing marble structures including the Parthenon and Temple of Nike.

Grave Stele of Hegeso

A marble grave monument (410 B.C.E.) attributed to Kallimachos, showing a noble woman and her servant girl examining a piece of jewelry.

Winged Victory of Samothrace

A 9-foot Hellenistic Greek marble statue (190 B.C.E.) of the goddess Nike standing on a ship's prow to commemorate a naval victory.

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon

A Hellenistic high relief marble sculpture (175 B.C.E.) depicting the battle of Greek gods against giants to represent Greek power.

House of the Vettii

A Pompeii stone and fresco villa (62-79 C.E.) owned by freedmen, featuring an impluvium, central halls, and paintings symbolize fertility and wealth.

Alexander Mosaic

A stone and glass floor mosaic from Pompeii (100 B.C.E.) depicting the Battle of Issus between Alexander the Great and Darius III.

Seated Boxer

A Hellenistic Greek bronze sculpture (100 B.C.E.) created with lost wax casting, depicting a defeated athlete with copper used to resemble blood wounds.

Head of a Roman Patrician

A Republican Roman marble portrait (75-50 B.C.E.) using veristic style (hyper-realism) to convey wisdom, determination, and public career опыта.

Augustus of Prima Porta

An Imperial Roman marble statue depicting a young idealized emperor with a breastplate showing divine lineage and Cupid riding a dolphin to symbolize military power.

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

An oval stadium in Rome (70-80 C.E.) made of concrete and travertine, featuring three levels of arches using Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian columns.

Forum of Trajan

A Roman civic space engineered by Apollodorus of Damascus (106-113 C.E.) to commemorate victories over the Dacians, featuring the Basilica Ulpia.

Pantheon

An Imperial Roman concrete temple (118-125 C.E.) commissioned by Hadrian, featuring a rectilinear porch opening into a radial interior with a domed oculus.

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus

A Late Imperial Roman marble grave marker (250 C.E.) featuring high relief carvings of Romans fighting Goths (Barbarians), focusing on emotional subject matter.

Catacomb of Priscilla

An underground tufa and fresco burial location in Rome (200-400 C.E.) containing scenes from the Book of Daniel and the earliest Christian tombs.

Santa Sabina

A late antique Christian church in Rome (422-432 C.E.) built as a brick and stone basilica with a spacious longitudinal nave and selenite windows.

Vienna Genesis

An Early Byzantine illuminated manuscript (6th century C.E.) written in Greek on animal skin pages, featuring continuous narratives from the Bible.

San Vitale

An Early Byzantine centrally planned basilica in Ravenna (526-547 C.E.) featuring mosaics that glorify the Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora.

Hagia Sophia

Located in Constantinople and designed by Anthemius and Isidorus (532-537 C.E.), this structure features a massive dome on pendentives and was later converted into a mosque.

Merovingian Looped Fibulae

Early Medieval silver gilt brooches (mid-6th century C.E.) featuring cloisonne-inlaid garnets and gems in the shape of eagle heads and fish motifs.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints

An Early Byzantine encaustic icon on wood from the 6th or 7th century, featuring the Virgin, the Christ child, and Saints Theodore and George.

Lindisfarne Gospels

An 8th-century English Hiberno-Saxon illuminated manuscript on vellum, featuring intricate knots, abstract animals, and evangelist portraits for Luke, Matthew, and John.

Great Mosque (Cordoba)

An 8th-century Umayyad stone masonry structure in Spain featuring a large hypostyle prayer hall, horseshoe arches, and a ribbed dome covered in gold mosaic.

Pyxis of al-Mughira

A 968 C.E. Umayyad cylindrical container made of ivory from elephant tusks, decorated with medallions and used to carry perfumes or cosmetics.

Reliquary of Saint Foy

Located in the Romanesque Church of Sainte-Foy (France), this holy container and the church's Last Judgement tympanum served as key pilgrimage sites.

Bayeux Tapestry

An 11th-century Romanesque embroidery on linen showing scenes of the Battle of Hastings (1066) and William the Conqueror's victory.

Chartres Cathedral

A Gothic cathedral in France reconstructed c. 1194-1220 C.E. using limestone and stained glass, featuring flying buttresses, pointed arches, and a relic of Mary's tunic.

Rottgen Pieta

A late medieval German painted wood sculpture (1300-1325 C.E.) depicting the suffering of Mary holding the contorted, wounded body of Christ.

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel

A private devotional chapel in Italy (1303-1305 C.E.) featuring Giotto's frescos, including the Lamentation, which shows humanistic emotion and illusion of space.

Golden Haggadah

A Late Medieval Spanish illuminated manuscript (c. 1320 C.E.) made of gold leaf on vellum, used to narrate the history of Passover.

Alhambra

A Granada palace built by the Nasrid Dynasty (1354-1391 C.E.) featuring the Palace of Lions, muqarnas stalactites, and intricate carved wooden frames.

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece)

A 15th-century oil on oak painting from the Workshop of Robert Campin, used as a portable altarpiece for private devotion featuring symbols like a shiny pot for Mary's virginity.

The Arnolfini Portrait

A 1434 oil on oak panel by Jan van Eyck depicting an elite couple with symbols of fidelity (a dog) and wealth (oranges and expensive furs).

David (Donatello)

A mid-15th century bronze statue of David and Goliath, representing the first free-standing nude figure since the classical period with a natural contrapposto stance.

Palazzo Rucellai

A stone masonry palace in Florence designed by Leon Battista Alberti (1450 C.E.) featuring classical Greek and Roman column orders and a three facade design.

School of Athens

A Raphael fresco in the Vatican (1509-1511 C.E.) portraying the branches of human knowledge and famous philosophers using linear perspective.

Isenheim Altarpiece

A 16th-century oil on wood work by Matthias Grunewald for a hospital, depicting a dramatic and anguished crucifixion of Christ.

Adam and Eve (Durer)

A 1504 C.E. woodcut engraving that utilizes proportional bodies and Vitruvian measurements, including animals to symbolize the four humors.

Sistine Chapel Ceiling and Altar Wall Frescoes

Michelangelo's Vatican masterpieces (1508-1541 C.E.) depicting nine biblical scenes from Genesis and the salvation of Israel, including the Delphic Sibyl.

Venetian Art (Venus of Urbino)

A 1538 oil on canvas work by Titian featuring deep rich colors, glazing techniques, and symbols of fidelity (dog) and motherhood.

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza

An ink and color on paper diagram of Tenochtitlan (1541-1542 C.E.) depicting the city divided into four parts with the eagle and cactus myth in the center.

Il Gesù Facade and Fresco

A 16th-century Jesuit mother church in Rome featuring a single aisle and Giovanni Battista Gaulli's Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco.

Calling of Saint Matthew (Caravaggio)

A Baroque oil on canvas (1597-1601 C.E.) using dramatic light to follow Christ's fingers in a gritty, tavern-like environment.

Las Meninas

A 1656 oil on canvas by Diego Velázquez depicting the Spanish princess and her maids of honor in his studio, using loose brushstrokes and aerial perspective.

Woman Holding a Balance

A 1664 oil on canvas by Johannes Vermeer depicting a merchant-class woman with a balance used as a sign of self-knowledge and truth.

The Palace of Versailles

A massive masonry and gold leaf complex built for Louis XIV (1669 C.E.) to symbolize the power of the absolute monarch, featuring the Hall of Mirrors.

Fruit and Insects

A 1711 oil on wood still-life by Rachel Ruysch focusing on autumn fruits and naturalism, where grapes symbolize the blood of Christ.

The Tete a Tete

A 1743 satirical oil painting by William Hogarth from Marriage a la Mode, commenting on the failures of forced elite marriages during the industrial revolution.

The Oxbow

An 1836 oil on canvas by Thomas Cole dividing the landscape into untouched nature and settled land to represent westward expansion.

Still Life in Studio

An 1837 daguerreotype by Louis Daguerre made from silver-plated copper sheets sensitized with iodine vapors to capture detailed artistic expression.

Slave Ship

An 1840 oil on canvas by J.M.W. Turner protesting the inhumanity of the trans-atlantic slave trade, depicting slaves thrown overboard into a typhoon.

Olympia (Edouard Manet)

An 1863 oil painting that received backlash for depicting a naked white prostitute and a black maid, showing harsh Parisian realities and social divisions.

The Horse in Motion

An 1878 albumen print motion study by Eadweard Muybridge using a zoopraxiscope to capture 16 photos of a racing horse in profile.

The Starry Night

An 1889 oil on canvas landscape by Vincent van Gogh depicting the night sky from his mental hospital room, using short thick brushstrokes.

The Scream

An 1893 work by Edvard Munch using tempera and pastels on cardboard, capturing the synthesis of the senses known as synesthesia.

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

A 1907 oil painting by Pablo Picasso using African mask inspiration and geometric shapes to depict naked women from the male gaze.

Improvisation 28

A 1912 Expressionist oil painting by Vassily Kandinsky that is non-objective and meant to evoke a response similar to a music composition.

Spiral Jetty

A 1970 earthwork by Robert Smithson in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, made of mud, precipitated salt crystals, and native rocks.

Chavín de Huántar

A religious pilgrimage site in the Andes of Peru (900-200 B.C.E.) made of granite and stone, featuring tunnels and the Lanzón sculpture.

Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings

Ancestral Puebloan sandstone structures (450-1300 C.E.) in Colorado featuring kivas (underground circular ritual rooms) and adobe blocks.

Templo Mayor

The main stone temple of Tenochtitlan (1375-1520 C.E.) dedicated to the gods Huitzilopochtli (War/Sun) and Tlaloc (Agriculture/Rain).

City of Cusco

The Inka capital (c. 1440 C.E.) laid out in the form of a puma, known for its fine andesite masonry (fitted stones) and the sacred Qorikancha shrine.

All-T’oqapu Tunic

An Inka textile (1450-1540 C.E.) made of dyed camelid fiber and cotton, featuring geometric motifs that expressed social roles and the Sapa Inca’s power.

Transformation Mask

A wood and paint mask from the Northwest coast of Canada (late 19th century) worn at potlatches that opens to reveal an ancestor’s human face.

Conical Tower and Circular Wall of Great Zimbabwe

Southeastern African granite structures (1000-1400 C.E.) built using ashlar masonry without mortar to symbolize the power and prestige of kings.

Sika dwa kofi (Golden Stool)

An Ashanti sacred piece (c. 1700 C.E.) of gold over wood, believed to have descended from the heavens and containing the soul of the people.

Petra, Jordan: Treasury

A Nabataean city carved into rock faces (400 B.C.E.-100 C.E.) featuring a Treasury with ornate Hellenistic Corinthian columns and a broken pediment.