Psych 207

One view of perception claims that people perceive not only each object's physical features, but also the acts or behaviours permitted by those objects. These acts or behaviours are referred to as:

Question 11 options:

A)

perceptual cycles

B)

schema

C)

affordances

D)

autonomous actions

C

Using GSR to measure a fear response associated with city names presented to the unattended channel in dichotic listening task, Corteen and Wood found that _______ , which provided evidence for _______ models of attention.

Question 12 options:

A)

city names previously paired with a shock and new city names produced a heightened GSR response, early-selection

B)

city names previously paired with a shock and new city names produced a heightened GSR response, late-selection

C)

city names previously paired with a shock but not new city names produced a heightened GSR response, early-selection

D)

city names previously paired with a shock but not new city names produced a heightened GSR response, late-selection

B

A proximal image on the retina is also known as a:

Question 13 options:

A)

hallucination.

B)

percept.

C)

template.

D)

sensation.

B

Non-analytic concept formation typically occurs when:

Question 14 options:

A)

Individuals process exemplars in the real world and store information in LTM

B)

Individuals access LTM for information on concepts, and then seek matching exemplars in the real world.

A

Given what you have learned about map scanning, which of the following should take less time?

Question 15 options:

A)

Scanning from Waterloo to Toronto

B)

Scanning from Waterloo to Vancouver

C)

These should be equivalent because both scans take place in Canada

A

A study using PET scans showed that Pseudowords and words produced more activation in what region of the brain, relative to letter strings and false fonts?

Question 16 options:

A)

The right hemisphere

B)

The amygdala

C)

The hippocampus

D)

The left hemisphere

D

Which theory of integraction states that the availibility of mental resources is determined by the level of cognitive arousal?

a) feature intergration

b) early selection

c) capacity

d) late selection

C

Which view of perception describes people as adding to and distorting the information in the proximal stimulus to obtain a percept?

A) bottom-up processing

B) gestalt view

C) top-down processing

D) constructivist

D

Controlled processing requires:

A) experience and learning.

B) attention.

C) conscious awareness.

D) A and B

E) B and C

E

Cognitive Psychology is not interested in the study of individual differences.

A) True

B) False

B

The forebrain is composed of the ______________.

A) hypothalamus

B) thalamus

C) brain stem

D) A and B

D

The memory facilitation technique that involves adding words or sentences to mediate the items to be remembered is referred to as _______ .

A) categorization

B) elaborating

C) recoding

D) priming

B

Which of the following views of categorization would be characterized as an explanation-based approach?

A) exemplar

B) prototype

C) knowledge-based

D) classical

C

Selfridges' model describes ___________ as ___________.

A) perception; dumb.

B) feature-detection; dumb.

C) demons; feature-detectors.

D) one demon; the detector for all features.

C

Research has shown that imagery is specific to the visual sense only.

A) True

B) False

B

Which of the following is a normative model of decision making?

A) Image theory

B) Expected utility theory

C) Expected value theory

D) None of the above

B

Wickens, Born & Allen (1963) used the Brown-Peterson paradigm and included multiple learning trials. For example, in one condition, the first three trials participants had to remember were letters, and then on the final trial, some participants had to remember letters and others had to remember numbers. The results of the experiment

Question 27 options:

A) showed that memory on the last trial was better when participants were required to remember letters than when they were required to remember numbers

B) showed that memory on the last trial was better when participants were required to remember numbers than when they were required to remember letters

C) demonstrated release from proactive interference

D) both (b) and (c)

D

The individual sounds of a language are referred to as _______ , whereas the smallest meaningful units of a language are referred to as _______ .

A) phonetic nodes; semantic nodes

B) phonemes; morphemes

C) syllabic nodes; syntactic nodes

D) morphemes; phonemes

B

In a classic study Moray found that participants were able to _________ in the unattended ear.

A) shadow the items

B) recognize the gist of the message

C) recognize their name

D) recall most of the item

C

One strength of the exemplar view of category formation is it clearly establishes which instances will be stored as exemplars.

A) True

B) False

A

Implicit memory reflects:

A) conscious and effortful memory.

B) unconscious memory.

C) deliberate memory.

D) declarative memory.

B

Which of the following perspectives asserts that psychological phenomena cannot be reduced to simple elements, but must be studied in their entirety?

Question 32 options:

A) Structuralism

B) Cognitive psychology

C) Gestalt school of psychology

D) Functionalism

C

Objects that are present in the outside world (things to be perceived) are referred to as _______ stimuli.

Question 33 options:

A) distal

B) perceptual

C) retinal

D) proximal

A

Researchers have found that all of the following can be used to cue partial reports of visually presented matrices EXCEPT

A) the pitch of a tone

B) the phonological sound of the letters

C) the brightness of the letters

D) the colour of the letters

B

What structure of the brain connects and transmits information between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A) central sulcus

B) cerebellum

C) medulla oblongata

D) corpus callosum

D

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Question 36 options:

A) Remembering that you have an essay due for one of your courses next week

B) Remembering the phylogenic division of the brain from the previous lecture material

C) Remembering that Paris is the capital of France

D) Remembering the celebration of your 18th birthday

D

Bill is playing a game with dice with his brother and notices that a 6 hasn't come up once in the last 10 rolls. He bets his brother $10 that the next roll will contain a 6. Bill, however, has fallen prey to ___________.

A) the over confidence fallacy.

B) gambler's illusion.

C) gambler's fallacy.

D) the overconfidence illusion.

C

Saying whatever is on your mind is a good practice when one is:

Question 38 options:

A) introspecting aloud.

B) in a job interview.

C) trying to memorize material.

D) reasoning deductively.

A

What areas of the brain play a critical role in decision making?

A) Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

B) Prefrontal cortex and insula

C) Amygdala and hippocampus

D) Insula and amygdala

B

People with _____ agnosia can process a very limited amount of visual information, and it is typically correlated with right hemisphere brain damage.

Question 40 options:

A) apperceptive

B) bilateral

C) categorical

D) associative

A

Shepard and Metzler showed that when participants are asked to mentally rotate an object _____________.

Question 41 options:

A) their reaction times vary depending on the size of the object.

B) their reaction times vary depending on how many degrees of rotation is required.

C) their reaction times don't vary across conditions.

D) their reaction times vary depending on the number of items held in memory.

B

Which of the following poses problems for the prototype view?

Question 42 options:

A) it fails to capture peoples knowledge about the limits of conceptual boundaries.

B) it fails to account for why the judged typically of an instance depends on the context.

C) it fails to provide an account of why people have difficulty providing strict definitions of concepts

D) (A) and (B), only

D

What is the name of the condition whereby people can experience multiple sensations for various stimuli (e.g., experience a specific colour when they see, hear, or even think about a number)?

Question 43 options:

A) Synaesthesia

B) Associative Agnosia

C) Multimodal Agnosia

D) Prosopagnosia

A

Ebbinghaus is to _______ as Bartlett is to _______.

Question 44 options:

A) Short-term memory / Long-term memory

B) Long-term memory / Short-term memory

C) Laboratory-based tasks / Real-world based tasks

D) Real-world based tasks / Laboratory-based tasks

A

Many words in language have multiple meanings and require context to determine the correct meaning this is referred to as _________.

Question 45 options:

A) lexical arbitrariness.

B) lexical ambiguity.

C) semantic arbitrariness.

D) syntactical ambiguity.

B

The general study of how sounds are combined in language is called ____________.

Question 46 options:

A) phrenology.

B) morphology.

C) wordology.

D) phonology.

D

Michael, a manager at Pizza-Pizza, is often met with claims of poor work habits by one employee made against another. When evaluating these claims, Michael will not accept circumstantial evidence. Micheal is best characterized as a:

Question 47 options:

A) Structuralist

B) Functionalist

C) Connectionists

D) Empiricist

B

According to the _______ , what you attend to determines what get's practiced and encoded into memory.

Question 48 options:

A)

spotlight theory

B)

bottleneck theory

C)

feature integration theory

D)

attention hypothesis of automatization

D

After an accident, Jeffery experienced problems with his vision, despite having no damage to his eyes. Jeffery may have sustained damage to his _______.

Question 49 options:

A)

Temporal lobe

B)

Parietal lobe

C)

Frontal lobe

D)

Occipital lobe

D

During a memory encoding task, Grady and her colleagues found:

Question 50 options:

A) Higher degrees of connectivity between the frontal lobes and hippocampus for younger adults compared to older adults.

B) Higher degrees of connectivity between the temporal lobes and occipital lobes in younger adults compared to older adults.

C) Higher degrees of activity in the frontal and temporal lobes for older adults compared to younger adults.

D) Higher degrees of activity in the temporal lobes and the occipital lobes for older adults compared to younger adults.

Given the following premises: "All musicians are writers" and "All writers are creative", which of the following is a valid conclusion?

Question 51 options:

A) There is not enough information provided.

B) All creative people are musicians.

C) Some musicians are creative.

D) All musicians are creative.

D

Which brain imaging technique(s) provides information about the amount of dynamic blood flow to various regions of the brain in response to a cogntive task?

Question 52 options:

A) MEG

B) PET scans

C) fMRI

D) both (B) and (C)

C

One criticism of the multiple intelligences (MI) view of human ability is that one must be able to adequately define and reliably measure various intelligences.

Question 53 options:

A)

True

B)

False

A

In order to be considered a cognitive illusion, there must be a correct answer to a problem, and a different, more intuitive response that can also be generated.

Question 54 options:

A)

True

B)

False

A

Native English and Chinese speakers distinguish the sound 'r' and 'l' differently, such that ________ can distinguish these sounds, while _________ cannot, which shows differences in ___________ processing.

Question 55 options:

A)

Chinese; English; syntactic.

B)

English; Chinese; syntactic.

C)

Chinese; English; phonetic.

D)

English; Chinese; phonetic

D

In English the sound 'a' is a_________.

Question 56 options:

A)

phoneme.

B)

morpheme.

C)

utterance.

D)

All of the above

A

The loss of the ability to form new memories is called _________ amnesia.

Question 57 options:

A)

retrograde

B)

anterograde

C)

prospective

D)

retrospective

B

The mode of moving through or imagining moving through space is called:

Question 58 options:

A)

spatial cognition.

B)

spatial maps.

C)

Kosslyn's theorem.

D)

A and B

A

Evidence for automatic reading processes comes from:

Question 59 options:

A)

the Stroop effect.

B)

the word superiority effect.

C)

the orthographic congruency effect.

D)

filter theories of attention.

A

The finding that it takes longer to generate an image of a complex object than a simple object provides support for which of Finke's Principles of Visual imagery?

Question 60 options:

A)

Spatial equivalence

B)

Transformational equivalence

C)

Structural equivalence

D)

Perceptual equivalence

C

Which of the following can be considered true?

Question 1 options:

A)

A communication system is a language.

B)

A language is a communication system

C)

(A) and (B) are both true

D)

Neither (A) and (B) are true

B

Cognitive illusions (i.e., heuristics and biases):

Question 2 options:

A)

tell us how our cognitive system uses context to make decisions.

B)

tell us nothing about the human mind and are are simply an artifact of tricky experiments.

C)

are often justifiable ways of thinking, but can lead to errors when misapplied.

D)

Both (A) and (C)

D

The hippocampus is responsible for:

Question 3 options:

A)

long-term memories.

B)

short-term memories.

C)

regulating basic biological functions.

D)

decision making.

A

If your instructor tells you that she generally finds students are particularly restless during a full moon, which of the terms would you suggest she review?

Question 4 options:

A)

Illusory correlations

B)

Confirmation bias

C)

Hindsight bias

D)

Availability heuristic

A

What type of memory shows evidence of prior learning, but is nonconscious?

Question 5 options:

A)

explicit memory

B)

semantic memory

C)

episodic memory

D)

implicit memory

D

Prescriptive models tell us

Question 6 options:

A)

what ideal performance should be under ideal circumstances.

B)

how people actually make decisions.

C)

how we make decisions under risk and uncertainty.

D)

how we ought to make decisions.

A

In decision-making research, decisions are often made under conflict and uncertainty. What information do researchers most often use to assess the degree of uncertainty?

Question 7 options:

A)

number of options available

B)

probability

C)

whether the problem has been encountered before

D)

problem difficulty

B

Advantages to bilingualism are:

Question 8 options:

A)

limited to language.

B)

limited to language and memory tasks.

C)

limited to language and knowledge.

D)

not limited to language.

D

Zenon Pylyshyn has argued that because you know that it takes longer to spin an object 360 degrees than it does to spin the same object (at the same speed) 180 degrees, you also "know" that it takes longer to spin an image of that object 360 degrees than it would so spin it 180 degrees. This is known as:

Question 9 options:

A)

Explicit knowledge

B)

Perceptual equivalence

C)

Tacit knowledge

D)

The space-time continuum

C

Patient P.F.'s brain lesion resulted in selective impairment of neural systems responsible for:

Question 10 options:

A)

speech comprehension.

B)

ill-structured problem representations and computations.

C)

access to his knowledge base in long-term memory.

D)

speech production.

B

Internal depictions of information are referred to as

Question 11 options:

A)

mental representations

B)

neural networks

C)

memory imprints

D)

holistic experiences

A

Which model of perception claims that an individual percept is matched to idealized representations of classes of objects or events?

Question 12 options:

the pandemonium model

prototype matching

featural analysis

template-matching

B

Which general Gestalt Law states that of all the possible ways of interpreting a display, we will tend to select the simplest and most stable shape or form?

Question 13 options:

A)

pragnanz

B)

common fate

C)

similarity

D)

closure

A

Which of the following is NOT true regarding controlled processing?

Question 14 options:

A)

It is under conscious control.

B)

It operates in parallel.

C)

It is capacity limited.

D)

It requires attention.

B

In general, experts tend to ______________.

Question 15 options:

A)

be more intelligent.

B)

attend to and perceive more subtle distinctions.

C)

have better spatial reasoning.

D)

be better chess players.

B

According to the mental models approach, errors in reasoning are the result of:

Question 16 options:

A)

failure to construct relevant models.

B)

failure to to search for and construct enough models.

C)

failure to assess the implications of the models found.

D)

All the above

D

In which scenario has it been demonstrated that experts extract more information from a brief perceptual presentation than novices:

Question 17 options:

A)

reasoning about social contracts.

B)

physics problem solving.

C)

chess (but only when pieces are arranged meaningfully as in a game).

D)

chess (no matter the arrangement of pieces).

C

Expressive aphasia results from damage to:

Question 18 options:

A)

Broca's area

B)

Wernicke's area

C)

Both (A) and (B)

D)

Neither (A) nor (B)

A

Both the word 'Cat' and 's' (when it appears at the end of a word), are examples of ________, which is defined as _________________.

Question 19 options:

A)

morphemes; the smallest unit of sound in a language.

B)

phonemes; the smallest unit of sound in a language.

C)

phonemes; the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

D)

morphemes; the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

D

Nelson (1984) found that people were more likely to use family resemblance structure when classifying faces when they were

Question 20 options:

A)

instructed to learn to recognize the faces.

B)

instructed to focus on a single distinguishing feature.

C)

instructed to learn to generate a prototype of the faces.

D)

instructed to memorize specific exemplars.

A

People with _____ agnosia have difficulty naming objects they have seen or drawn, and it is typically correlated with bilateral brain damage.

Question 21 options:

A)

associative

B)

bilateral

C)

apperceptive

D)

categorical

C

If you went to a foreign nation where you had absolutely no knowledge of the language, you probably would not be able to detect that someone suffering from _______ aphasia had a language impairment.

Question 22 options:

A)

Wernicke's

B)

Broca's

C)

Both (a) and (b)

A

Doing an algebra problem is best considered an example of:

Question 23 options:

A)

an ill-defined problem.

B)

a well-defined problem.

C)

an introspective problem.

D)

a goal-oriented problem.

B

Imagine you were in an experiment, and the researcher asked you to judge a series of words based on how pleasant they sounded. No mention was made to you about an upcoming memory test. Even though you didn't "study" the words, many of the words would have been encoded in memory. This is an example of _______.

Question 24 options:

A)

explicit encoding

B)

incidental learning

C)

spreading activation

D)

repetition priming

B

Gardner argues that intelligence is not one global concept but intelligence is expressed across _____ different dimensions. Tailoring our ______ based on knowledge of these individual differences would be beneficial to society (community and cultural contexts).

Question 25 options:

A)

4; behavior

B)

6; cognition

C)

6; careers

D)

4; intelligence

C

Relative to younger adults, older adults show all of the following cognitive changes except:

Question 26 options:

A)

decreased semantic memory

B)

decreased performance on working memory tasks

C)

decreased autobiographical memory

D)

decreased performance on explicit memory tasks

A

Farah presented the case of a patient MGS who had her right occipital lobe removed for treatment of epilepsy. After surgery, MGS's visual images

Question 27 options:

A)

were less detailed.

B)

had a smaller field of view.

C)

were inverted.

D)

were black and white.

B

Information is held in short-term memory for __________ seconds.

Question 28 options:

A)

1-2

B)

5-10

C)

10-20

D)

20-30

D

A CAT scan involves sending _______ through the body.

Question 29 options:

A)

electrical impulses

B)

magnetic impulses

C)

X-rays

D)

oxygen

C

Brain imaging studies have found that areas in _______ are selectively recruited when participants form images of a face.

Question 30 options:

A)

occipital-parietal areas

B)

the frontal lobes

C)

occipital-temporal areas

D)

the parietal lobes

C

Which of the following factors influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model of attention?

Question 31 options:

A)

enduring dispositions

B)

momentary intentions

C)

an evaluation of the demands on one's capacity

D)

all the above

D

Ablation is most often the result of a stroke.

Question 32 options:

A)

True

B)

False

B

Attention is not required for information to enter:

Question 33 options:

A)

short-term memory.

B)

long-term memory.

C)

iconic memory.

D)

episodic memory.

C

Which of the following is an advantage of fMRI imaging studies in understanding mental imagery over traditional laboratory experiments?

Question 34 options:

A)

Inexpensive to run

B)

Eliminates individual differences

C)

Allows more fine-grained temporal analysis

D)

Not as susceptible to demand characteristics

C

Which of the following is the best example of an ill-defined problem?

Question 35 options:

A)

Constructing a proof in algebra

B)

The Tower of Hanoi Task

C)

Writing a letter to your boss to ask for a promotion

D)

The Wason 2-4-6 Task

C

Bahrick's (1984) study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that memory performance over extended periods of time was best for:

Question 36 options:

A)

Spanish-English vocabulary recognition

B)

Spanish-English vocabulary recall

A

In studies of propositional reasoning, when a compound proposition is always true, it is referred to as a:

Question 37 options:

A)

tautology.

B)

modus tollens.

C)

modus ponens.

D)

logical connective.

A

According to Perkins, what process underlies our ability to see objects in a different light (e.g., seeing the shape of an animal in a cloud as it passes overhead)?

Question 38 options:

A)

noticing

B)

incubation

C)

insight

D)

contrary recognition

D

Brain lesions in this region can cause irregular jerky movements, tremors, and impairment of balance and gait.

Question 39 options:

A)

medulla oblongata

B)

cerebellum

C)

hypothalamus

D)

thalamus

B

The material recalled by KC, who was studied by Rosenbaum, is typically devoid of all emotional content.

Question 40 options:

A)

True

B)

False

A

Research by Reingold et al. has shown that expert chess players, compared to intermediates:

Question 41 options:

A)

produced more eye fixations to empty squares.

B)

made fewer fixations on each trial.

C)

made greater use of parafoveal processing.

D)

all of the above.

D

During a letter search task, neuroimaging results revealed that for older adults, regions in the _______ were correlated with performance, whereas for younger adults, regions in the _______ were correlated with performance.

Question 42 options:

A)

parietal lobe; frontal lobe

B)

occipital lobe; frontal lobe

C)

frontal lobe; parietal lobe

D)

frontal lobe; occipital lobe

D

magine we ask you to perform the following experiment: we ask you to form a mental image of your kitchen and to count the number of cupboards. You are asked to either respond by giving your answer aloud or by pointing to a number on a number line. According to what you know about the research done by Lee Brooks, in which condition would you be faster in responding?

Question 43 options:

A)

Pointing to my answers on a number line

B)

Stating my answers aloud

B

If we have grown up speaking a language, once we reach adulthood it is very difficult for us to perceive phonemes that are not characteristic of our native language. This is referred to as:

Question 44 options:

A)

categorical processing.

B)

functional fixedness.

C)

phoneme dependence.

D)

phoneme fixedness.

A

This form of agnosia is associated with a preserved ability to draw, however, patients with this agnosia perform these drawing tasks slowly and are unable to name the things they have drawn.

Question 45 options:

A)

Apperceptive agnoisa

B)

Prosopagnosia

C)

Attentive agnosia

D)

Associative agnosia

D

All in all, it has been shown that if administered correctly, your score on an IQ test today will be consistent with your score 10 years ago.

Question 46 options:

A)

True

B)

False

A

The field of study that examines how people represent and navigate in and through areas is called:

Question 47 options:

A)

cognitive mapping

B)

spatial cognition

C)

geographical cognition

D)

representational mapping

B

With the Cognitive Revolution came the study of internal depictions of information, also known as:

Question 48 options:

A)

mind metaphors.

B)

neural signals.

C)

mental representations.

D)

person-machine systems.

C

Which brain structure controls homeostatic behaviours?

Question 49 options:

A)

hypothalamus

B)

hippocampus

C)

amygdala

D)

thalamus

A

What cognitive processes have been colloquially referred to as "thinking with your heart"?

Question 50 options:

A)

Type 2

B)

Inductive

C)

Deductive

D)

Type 1

D