AP combined

define respiration (Respiratory System)

process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction

what are the 2 steps of respiration (Respiratory System)

1. external respiration

2. internal respiration

what are the secondary functions of respiratory system (4) (Respiratory System)

1. voice production

2. body temperature regulation

3. acid-base balance regulation

4. sense of smell

define phonation (Respiratory System)

voice production

voice box is in the (Respiratory System)

larynx

vocal cords are aka (Respiratory System)

vocal folds

how does respiratory system help with temperature regulation (Respiratory System)

1. inhaled air is warmed to prevent hypothermia

2. panting increases evaporation of fluids to cool circulating blood

the more CO2, the — the blood pH (Respiratory System)

lower

what is the normal pH of blood (Respiratory System)

7.4

define olfactory sense (Respiratory System)

sense of smell

where are the receptors of smell found (Respiratory System)

sensory epithelium in nasal passages

what is it (Respiratory System)

frontal sinus

what is it (Respiratory System)

nasal cavity

what is it (Respiratory System)

turbinates

what is it (Respiratory System)

hard palate

what is it (Respiratory System)

pharynx

what is it (Respiratory System)

tongue

what is it (Respiratory System)

soft palate

what is it (Respiratory System)

spiglottis

what is it (Respiratory System)

larynx

what is it (Respiratory System)

trachea

what is it (Respiratory System)

esophagus

what is apart of upper respiratory tract (6) (Respiratory System)

1. nostrils

2. nasal passages

3. sinuses

4. pharynx

5. larynx

6. trachea

nostrils is aka (Respiratory System)

nares

define nostrils (Respiratory System)

external openings of respiratory tube

where are nasal passages (Respiratory System)

lie between nares and pharynx

what is the midline of nasal passages called (Respiratory System)

nasal spetum

turbinates are aka (Respiratory System)

nasal conchae

define turbinates (Respiratory System)

divide each nasal passage into 3 main passageways

what are the 3 nasal passageways (Respiratory System)

1. ventral nasal meatus

2. middle nasal meatus

3. dorsal nasal meatus

what is the lining of nasal passages (4) (Respiratory System)

1. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

2. cilia

3. mucus

4. blood vessels

function of nasal passages (4) (Respiratory System)

1. condition inhaled air

2. warming

3. humidifying

4. filtering

define epistaxis (Respiratory System)

nose bleed

what is it (Respiratory System)

frontal sinus

what is it (Respiratory System)

maxillary sinus

define sinuses (Respiratory System)

ciliated outpouchings of the nasal passages

pharynx is aka (Respiratory System)

throat

define pharynx (Respiratory System)

common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems

where is the pharynx divided (Respiratory System)

rostral end by soft palate

what are the 2 rostral divisions of the pharynx (Respiratory System)

1. nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

what are the 2 caudal divisions of the pharynx (Respiratory System)

1. esophagus

2. larynx

define aspiration pneumonia (Respiratory System)

when they breathe something in they shouldn’t breathe in and causes pneumonia

larynx is aka (Respiratory System)

voice box

define larynx (Respiratory System)

connects pharynx with the trachea

larynx is supported by (Respiratory System)

hyoid bone

what is the larynx made up of (4) (Respiratory System)

1. epiglottis

2. arytenoid cartilages

3. thyroid cartilage

4. cricoid cartilage

function of epiglottis (Respiratory System)

covers larynx opening during swallowing

vocal cords are attached to (Respiratory System)

arytenoid cartilages

functions of larynx (4) (Respiratory System)

1. part of the upper airway

2. voice production

3. prevention of inhalation of foreign matter

4. control of airflow to and from the lungs

trachea is aka (Respiratory System)

windpipe

what is it (Respiratory System)

epiglottis

what is it (Respiratory System)

larynx

what is it (Respiratory System)

trachea

what is it (Respiratory System)

left bronchus

what is it (Respiratory System)

bronchial tree

what is it (Respiratory System)

left lung

what is it (Respiratory System)

alveolar duct

what is it (Respiratory System)

right lung

what is it (Respiratory System)

alveolus

what is it (Respiratory System)

alveolar sac (cluster of alveoli)

what are the C-shaped rings spaced along length of trachea for (Respiratory System)

prevent collapse during inhalation

what structures are in the lower respiratory tract (5) (Respiratory System)

1. bronchi

2. bronchioles

3. alveolar ducts

4. alveoli

5. bronchial tree

define bronchial tree (Respiratory System)

autonomic nervous system controls diameter of tubes by adjusting muscle fibers in their walls

define alveoli (Respiratory System)

tiny, thin-walled sacs surrounded by capillaries

what occurs in alveoli (2) (Respiratory System)

1. external respiration

2. oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between blood and air

what shape are lungs (Respiratory System)

cone-like

what consistency are lungs (Respiratory System)

light, spongey

what is the area between lungs called (Respiratory System)

mediastinum

what is it (Respiratory System)

diaphragm

what is it (Respiratory System)

heart

define hilus (Respiratory System)

small, well-defined area on medial side

function of hilus (Respiratory System)

air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung

where are rales occuring (Respiratory System)

tales

define rales (Respiratory System)

crackle noises

where is rhonci occurs (Respiratory System)

bronchi

define rhonci (Respiratory System)

wheezing sound

why rhonci happen (Respiratory System)

because bronchi compresses and makes a noise

define pulmonary circulation (Respiratory System)

deoxygenated blood enters lungs

thorax are aka (2) (Respiratory System)

1. thoracic cavity

2. chest cavity

what is the thorax bounded by (4) (Respiratory System)

1. thoracic vertebrae

2. ribs

3. intercostal muscles

4. sternum

what is in the thorax (8) (Respiratory System)

1. lungs

2. heart

3. large blood vessels

4. nerves

5. trachea

6. esophagus

7. lymphatic vessels

8. lymph nodes

what is the diaphragm made of (Respiratory System)

thin sheet of skeletal muscle

function of diaphragm (Respiratory System)

acts as respiratory muscle

define inspiration (Respiratory System)

process of drawing air into the lungs

what are the 2 main inspiratory muscles (Respiratory System)

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

define expiration (Respiratory System)

process of pushing air out of the lungs

what are the 2 main expiratory muscles (Respiratory System)

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

define tidal volume (Respiratory System)

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single, normal, resting breath.

define minute volume (Respiratory System)

the total volume of gas expelled from the respiratory tract in one minute

define residual volume (Respiratory System)

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum, forced expiration

high level of O2 in air diffuses into (Respiratory System)

blood where level is lower

high level of CO2 in blood diffuses into (Respiratory System)

air where level is lower

define partial pressure (Respiratory System)

pressure of each individual gas

what part of the brain controls breathing (Respiratory System)

medulla oblongata of the brain stem (Respiratory System)

increased CO2 means — blood pH (Respiratory System)

decreases

decreased CO2 means — blood pH (Respiratory System)

increased

increased CO2 triggers respiratory center to — rate and depth of respiration (Respiratory System)

increase

decrease CO2 triggers respiratory center to — rate and depth of respiration (Respiratory System)

decrease

define apnea (Respiratory System)

breathing stops completly

define tachypnea (Respiratory System)

1. abnormally rapid breathing.