Chemistry Fundamentals and Acid-Base Theory

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering basic thermodynamics, states of matter, and the various theories of acids and bases as described in the lecture notes.

Evaporation

The process where a liquid changes into a gas at the surface of the liquid.

Freezing

The change of a liquid into a solid.

Molarity

The concentration of a solution measured in moles of solute per liter of solution.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of $1\,g$ of a substance by $1^\circ\text{C}$.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, usually measured in $g\,mol^{-1}$.

Sublimation

The change of a solid directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first.

Critical Point

The temperature and pressure at which the liquid and gas phases become identical.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance.

Kinetic Energy

The energy an object has because of its motion.

Triple Point

The temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas phases all exist together.

Deposition

The change of a gas directly into a solid.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product formed.

Excess Reactant

The reactant left over after the reaction is complete.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute.

Amphoteric

A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.

Arrhenius Acid

A substance that increases hydrogen ion ($H^+$) concentration in water.

Arrhenius Base

A substance that increases hydroxide ion ($OH^-$) concentration in water.

Brønsted-Lowry Acid

A substance that donates a proton ($H^+$).

Brønsted-Lowry Base

A substance that accepts a proton ($H^+$).

Lewis Acid

A substance that accepts a pair of electrons.

Lewis Base

A substance that donates a pair of electrons.

Weak Acid

An acid that only partially ionizes in water.

Weak Base

A base that only partially ionizes in water.

Strong Acid

An acid that completely ionizes in water.

Strong Base

A base that completely ionizes in water.

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to position or arrangement.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture made of a

Melting

The change of a solid into a liquid.