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41 Terms
What is empirical evidence?
Information obtained through observation, experiments, and documentation.
What are examples of empirical evidence?
Quantitative data, qualitative data, surveys, case studies, experiments, and historical data.
What is a phenomenon in Earth Science?
A naturally occurring observable event on Earth.
Name 3 Earth Science phenomena.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis.
What is temporal scale?
The amount of time over which a process or event occurs.
What is spatial scale?
The size or geographic extent of a phenomenon.
What is a scientific claim?
A statement explaining a cause-and-effect relationship supported by evidence.
What supports a scientific claim?
Evidence, data, and research.
What is the percent error equation?
% Error = (Calculated Value − Accepted Value) ÷ Accepted Value × 100
What is density?
The amount of mass in a given volume.
What is the density formula?
Density = Mass ÷ Volume
What units are used for density?
g/cm³ or g/mL
What tool measures liquid volume?
A graduated cylinder.
Where do you read liquid volume in a graduated cylinder?
At the meniscus.
How do you calculate the volume of a rectangular solid?
V = L × W × H
What happens to volume when temperature increases?
Volume increases (expands).
What is pressure?
The amount of force placed on an object.
What happens to density when pressure increases?
Density increases.
What happens to density when temperature increases?
Density decreases.
Why does density decrease when temperature rises?
Particles move farther apart.
Does size affect density of a pure substance?
No.
What phase of matter has the highest density?
Solid.
What phase of matter has the lowest density?
Gas.
What is the exception to water density?
Liquid water is densest at 4°C.
What is the rate of change equation?
Rate of Change = Change in field value ÷ Change in time
What is a temperature gradient?
Change in temperature over distance.
What is a pressure gradient?
Change in pressure over distance.
What is eccentricity?
A measure of how stretched an orbit is.
What is the eccentricity equation?
E = distance between foci ÷ length of major axis
What does gravity depend on?
Mass and distance between objects.
Why are graphs useful in science?
They help show trends and predict data.
What variable goes on the X-axis?
Independent variable.
What variable goes on the Y-axis?
Dependent variable.
What is interpolation?
Predicting data between measured points.
What is extrapolation?
Predicting beyond measured data points.
What is a direct relationship?
Both variables increase together.
What is an inverse relationship?
One variable increases while the other decreases.
What is a cyclic relationship?
A repeating predictable cycle.
Name 3 cyclic Earth Science relationships.
Moon phases, tides, day/night.
What is a constant relationship?
One variable stays the same while the other changes.
What are renewable resources?
Resources naturally replenished over