RA Notes

What is the study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features?

The study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features is known as physiognomy.

What are restorations that require a long period of time, are extensive in nature, and require advanced technical skill called?

These are known as major restorations.

What term refers to the most common characteristics of each feature?

This term is known as norm.

What does the term 'shade' refer to in the context of light?

Shade refers to the rays of light reflected from the surface.

What body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

This is described as the frontal plane.

Is the human face naturally symmetrical?

False, the human face is not perfectly symmetrical.

What does the term 'convex' mean?

Convex refers to having an outline or surface curved like the exterior of a circle or sphere.

What type of restorations does Mayer (1990) indicate do not require authorization?

Restorations incurred during embalming, such as swelling, leakage, or tissue discoloration, do not require authorization.

What does the term 'bilateral' refer to?

Bilateral refers to having or relating to two sides.

What is a restoration that requires minimum time, effort, and skill to complete called?

This is known as a minor restoration.

What does the term 'form' refer to in restorative art?

Form refers to general shape and includes various dimensions such as length, width, and projection.

What is the anatomical position?

The anatomical position is the erect position of the body with the face directed forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.

What does the term 'inclination' refer to?

Inclination refers to a slope or a slant; deviation from the vertical or horizontal.

What is the definition of the frontal plane?

The frontal plane is a vertical plane at right angles to a sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Who is considered to have founded the science of restorative art?

Joel E. Crandall

What is lip wax?

A wax commonly used to smooth areas of the mucous membranes or to correct separations of the lines of closure of the lips and eyes.

What is wound filler?

A firm wax intended to fill large cavities or model features.

What is the best condition for applying wax restorations?

Wax is best applied to tissue that is firm and dry.

What can firm wax?

Corn starch is known to firm wax.

What is the best method to prepare tissue surfaces for wax application?

acetone

What are cauterizing agents?

Chemicals that possess the capacity to dry tissues by searing.

What is a feature builder?

A product used to provide natural form to emaciated tissues by hypodermic injection.

What is mortuary putty?

A putty-like substance that can be injected under skin or applied to surfaces to establish natural form.

What is the most common method for smoothing wax surfaces?

hand/finger smoothing

Wound filler

A firm wax intended to fill large cavities or model features, less viscous than school/modeling wax.

What cosmetics are suitable for use with wax?

opaque-cream cosmetics

What is an aneurysm needle?

An instrument used for blunt dissection that has an eye in the hook portion for the placement of ligature.

What is surface restorer?

A soft wax typically used to fill in shallow depressions, softer and more malleable than wound filler.

scalpel

A knife with a small, sharp, sometimes detachable blade.

What can be used to soften wax?

Cream cosmetic, petroleum jelly, mixing with a spatula on embalmer's hand, and massage cream can soften wax.

What should not be used to soften wax?

Cosmetic powder should not be used to soften wax.

What structure is noted for being a critical attachment point during restorative procedures involving the skull?

foramen magnum

What is the primary role of the alveolar processes?

They contain the sockets for the teeth.

The prominence located in the center of the occipital bone is known as the:

Occipital protuberance.

Which of the following best describes the parietal eminence?

The rounded peak of the parietal bones.

The main structural difference between male and female skulls becomes apparent through:

The prominence of muscle attachments.

The ethmoid bone is significant in restorative art due to its location:

Between the eyes.

The zygomaticofrontal process is part of which facial structure?

the eye socket

The infant skull is primarily characterized by:

Soft bones and presence of fontanels.

Which of the following elements is NOT a primary focus in the study of restorative art?

Surface facial markings that impact form and contour.

How does the loss of teeth impact the adult skull?

It reduces the size of the jaws.

The coronal suture is primarily associated with which bones?

Frontal and parietal.

What is the significance of the mandibular condyle in the structure of the jaw?

It forms an articulation with the skull.

What characteristic feature of the mandible is prominent in determining the age of a skull?

the alveolar processes

Which feature is used to identify gender from a skull?

the thickness of the skull

What is the significance of the foramen magnum in restorative practices?

Assists in reattaching the head in decapitated cases.

What is the insertion point of the Orbicularis Oculi?

Skin around the orbit.

Which muscle's primary function is to close and pucker the lips?

Orbicularis Oris.

The Sternocleidomastoid muscle marks:

The widest part of the neck.

Which muscle draws the superior lip superiorly and posteriorly?

Zygomaticus Major.

Which muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows?

Occipitofrontalis.

The Depressor Anguli Oris is responsible for:

Depressing the angle of the mouth.

The Digastric muscle assists in:

Drawing the hyoid bone superiorly.

Which muscle is referred to as the 'frowning muscle' due to its ability to draw the eyebrows inferiorly and medially?

Corrugator.

Which muscle is involved in depressing the lower lip?

Depressor Labii Inferioris.

What is the primary action of the Corrugator muscle?

Draw the eyebrows inferiorly and medially.

The Galea Aponeurotica connects which two parts of the Occipitofrontalis muscle?

Frontal belly and occipital belly.

The main function of the Temporalis muscle is:

To close the mandible.

What is the primary function of the Risorius muscle?

Drawing the angle of the mouth laterally.

What is the primary action of the Procerus muscle?

Drawing the skin of the forehead inferiorly.

What is the prominence located anterior to the auditory meatus?

tragus

What is the depression located medial and superior to the inner canthus?

Naso-orbital fossa

What are the structures located between the nasal sulcus and the lobe of the nose?

Wings

What does the term 'form' refer to in anatomy?

The shape of a surface structure recognized by outline and impacted by surface movement.

What is the anterior ridge of the nose known as?

dorsum

What is the skin partition located between the nostrils?

Columna nasi

What is the small eminence lateral and slightly superior to the corner of the mouth called?

Angulus oris eminence

What is the concave recession of the nose located along the superior portion of the dorsum?

Root

What are the red surfaces of the lips known as?

Mucous membranes

What is the elevation of tissue that begins at the nasal sulcus and proceeds to the corner of the mouth?

Nasolabial fold

What are the vertical or horizontal sulci located between the eyebrows called?

Interciliary sulci

What is the anterior ridge of the nose also known as?

Dorsum

What is the oblique furrow descending from the medial canthus called?

Oblique palpebral sulcus

What is the depression located superior, posterior, and inferior to the ear passage called?

concha

What is the angular depression located between the anterior cheek and the wing of the nose?

Nasal sulcus

Where is the medial canthus located?

Inner corner of the eye

What is the space that naturally exists between the teeth in a relaxed mouth called?

dime gap

What is commonly used beneath the mucous membranes for significant mouth restorations?

cotton

What is 'Crow's Feet' a type of?

Eye marking

What is a common problem with the appearance of the mouth in the deceased?

improper posing

What divides the nasal cavity into two chambers?

Septum

What defines the superior margin of the chin?

labiomental sulcus

What does the external boundary of the mouth NOT include?

Inferior margin of the eyes

Which type of wax is best for nasal restorations?

Medium or firm wax

What is the outermost part of the ear visible for restoration purposes called?

helix

Which of the following is NOT part of the eye's anatomy?

Zygomatic arch

What is a common approach when correcting nasal distortions due to cancer?

applying pressure to realign the nose

Which is NOT a common restoration technique for eyes?

Complete removal of the eyeball without authorization

What role do cilia (eyelashes) play in the human eye?

They help trap dust, debris, and microorganisms that could potentially enter the eye.

What is the main consideration when restoring the chin with wax?

ensuring proper facial proportions

What best describes the temporal cavity?

a concave surface overlying the temporal bone

The supraorbital margins are located at which part of the skull?

the superior rim of the eye socket

The nasal cavity is bounded by which of the following structures?

nasal bones and maxilla

The squamosal suture is a junction between:

parietal and temporal

The glabella is found on which bone?

frontal bone

What does the mandibular fossa articulate with?

condyle of the mandible

which bone forms the anterior portion of the roof of the skull?

frontal bone

the imaginary median vertical longitudinal plane that divides the bilaterally symmetrical human body into the right and left halves

sagittal plane

the imaginary median horizontal latitudinal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

transverse plane

a vertical plane at right angles to a sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

coronal plane