Units 5, 6, and 7: Agriculture, Industry, and Urban Land Use

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Agricultural regions, Industrial development theories, and Urban land use models based on the provided lecture notes.

What crops are associated with the Fertile Crescent (Southwest Asia) hearth?

Barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, and rye.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The massive diffusion of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas) after 1492.

How does the Metes-and-Bounds survey system define property boundaries?

It uses natural features like trees, rivers, and rocks, along with distances, resulting in highly irregular land plots.

Describe the process of Shifting Cultivation (Slash-and-Burn).

Farmers clear land by slashing and burning vegetation to provide nutrients via ash, farm the plot until nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow to regenerate.

Contrast agricultural density in More Developed Countries (MDCs) versus Less Developed Countries (LDCs).

MDCs have low agricultural density because machinery replaces human labor, while LDCs have high agricultural density because farming relies heavily on manual labor.

What is Fair Trade?

An institutional movement designed to ensure producers in LDCs receive fair prices for goods like coffee and chocolate, promoting environmental sustainability and better working conditions.

What was the impact of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

It increased food production through inventions like the steel plow and mechanization, which fueled population growth and drove rural-to-urban migration for industrial factories.

What are High-Yield Varieties (HYVs) in the context of the Green Revolution?

Specially introduced seeds, especially for rice, wheat, and corn, designed to increase crop yields to eliminate world hunger.

What is the mathematical formula for profit in Von Thünen’s Model?

$$\text{Profit} = \text{Market Price} - (\text{Production Cost} + \text{Transportation Cost})$$

According to Von Thünen’s Model, what is produced in Ring 1 and why?

Market Gardening and Dairying, because these goods are highly perishable and expensive to transport quickly.

What is a 'milkshed'?

The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.

What are the three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A decent standard of living (GNI per capita), a long and healthy life (life expectancy at birth), and access to knowledge (mean and expected years of schooling).

Define the Quinary economic sector.

The highest-level decision-making and leadership roles, such as CEOs, government officials, and scientific executives.

Explain Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory tiers.

The system is divided into the Core (MDCs with high wealth/tech), Semi-Periphery (industrializing nations like BRICS), and Periphery (LDCs providing raw materials and cheap labor).

What are the three factors balanced in Weber’s Least Cost Theory?

Transportation Costs, Labor Costs, and Agglomeration Benefits.

What is the difference between a Bulk-Reducing and a Bulk-Gaining industry?

Bulk-Reducing industries locate near raw materials because the final product weighs less than the inputs; Bulk-Gaining industries locate near markets because the final product weighs more/is bulkier than the inputs.

What is Just-in-Time (JIT) Delivery?

An inventory strategy where parts arrive at a factory just before they are needed to cut warehousing costs, though it increases vulnerability to supply chain disruptions.

Define a 'Technopole'.

A growth pole specifically centered around high-tech industries and research, such as Research Triangle Park in North Carolina.

What defines the Sub-Saharan Africa City Model (de Blij)?

The presence of three separate CBDs: a Colonial CBD, a Traditional/Market CBD, and an Informal/Periodic Market CBD.

How does Bid-Rent Theory explain land use?

It states that land price and demand decrease as distance from the CBD increases, leading to skyscrapers/intensive use at the center and residential areas further out.

What is the Gravity Model formula?

$$\text{Interaction} \propto \frac{\text{Population}_1 \times \text{Population}_2}{\text{Distance}^2}$$

Contrast the Rank-Size Rule with Primate Cities.

The Rank-Size Rule indicates even development where the $n$-th city is $1/n$ of the largest city; a Primate City is more than twice the size of the second-largest and dominates the country.

What is the difference between Redlining and Blockbusting?

Redlining is a banking practice of refusing loans in specific neighborhoods; Blockbusting is a real estate practice of scaring white homeowners into selling cheaply before reselling to minorities at high prices.

What are Brownfields?

Abandoned or underutilized industrial properties where redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination.

What is New Urbanism?

An urban design movement promoting walkable neighborhoods, mixed-use development, and access to public transit to counter suburban sprawl.