History EOY

What was the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

The enslavement of African people across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

What was the middle passage?

Route between Africa and the Americas that enslaved people were transported across.

Why was economic reasons the main reason?

After 1776, America became independent, and Jamaica and Barbados (sugar colonies) were not as profitable. Sugar produced in Cuba and Brazil drove prices down causing plantations to close and less need for slaves.

How did campaigners contribute to the abolition of slavery?

• pressured the government. * William Wilberforce raised abolition bills yearly from 1789 * Granville Sharp in 1772 argued that once enslaved people were on British soil they were free.

How did Africans aid to the abolition of Slavery

• Sons of Africa : campaign group : wrote letters, poems, memoirs. * Oludah Equiano wrote an account : brought horrors of slavery to light.

How did rebellions aid to the abolition of slavery?

• Haitian revolution 1790 * inspired enslaved people * feared those who owned plantations and colonies

What is militarism ?

Militarism is the belief that a country should have a large/strong military, and be prepared to use it.

How did militarism affect ww1?

A bigger army means that war can start quickly and more deadly. A country might want to prove their military is superior by invading. Eg. Germany wanting to challenge Britain's navy so they built their own.

What is an alliance (in terms of ww1)?

Having defensive agreements with other countries to support them in war for your safety.

How did alliances contribute to ww1?

Alliances quickly grow war because more countries will get involved. Eg. Britain and France were allied : feared the newly unified Germany.

What is imperialism?

The belief that nations had the right to conquer other lands and build up an empire.

How did imperialism affect ww1?

If Germany wanted an empire, they would be more ruthless and take land from other countries which means they would have to fight back. Eg. 'Britannia ruled the waves' and Germany wanted to have a huge empire like them.

What is nationalism?

The belief that your nation is superior to others.

How did nationalism affect ww1?

You feel superior and able to invade any country you want. Eg. When Germany became a new nation in 1871 they would want to show they are superior.

What were trenches like?

Very cold, muddy and dangerous places. Soldiers were at risk from diseases (dysentery, typhoid fever) and at risk from the enemy.

What's a stalemate?

Neither side being able to progress.

When did the First World War end?

In 1918, when Germany surrendered.

When was the treaty of Versailles signed?

In 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles.

When did Archduke Ferdinand get assassinated?

28th June 1914

Who was the big 3? (Treaty of Versailles)

France: Clemenceau USA: President Wilson UK: David Lloyd George

How did the treaty of Versailles affect land?

• Germany lost all colonies * Germany lost land to Poland and Belgium * Germany couldn't have armed forces in the Rhineland (border with France) * Alsace

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect arms?

• Germany could not form and alliance with Austria * Germany had to reduce their army to 100,000 soldiers * No air force or submarines permitted * Germany could only have six battle ships

How did the treaty of Versailles affect money?

• Germany had to pay £6,600,000,000 in reparations or war damages

How did the treaty of Versailles affect blame?

• Germany had to sign a 'war guilt' clause, meaning they took responsibility for starting the war.

Why did Britain develop an empire?

Britain developed an empire for many reasons: * To provide a market to sell finished goods * To increase British status : gaining more land then France/Belgium could make a country more powerful * To provide raw materials (eg. India had tea, iron ore, spices etc.) * "civilise the native people" : many British people believed that they were doing the right thing.

How did Britain develop an empire?

• War : the British gained land from war (winning a war against France and gaining Canada, 1713) * Settlers : when British people moved to North America to avoid religious persecution in the 1600s * Walter Raleigh and others wanted to explore the world so they set sail, finding new land.

How did empire affect India?

• The Bengal Famine (late 1760s) cost an estimated 10 million lives * Public health and life expectancy (mostly) increased due to water supplies and treatment against Malaria * British customs were forced on people, local traditions, cultures and religions were ignored * intro to western style education supported the independence movement

How did empire affect Australia?

• Massacres : white colonists murdered 28 indigenous people. In 1842 - 1847, indigenous people received flour mixed with poison

• Disease: Indigenous people died from smallpox and measles from the British

• Stolen Generation: attempt to strength the I.P of their culture. 100,000 children were taken from their homes to white families.

• Frontier wars: Australians who resisted the British, series of battles

What happened in 1816?

Bussa's rebellion in Barbados.

What happened in 1757?

Robert Clive wins at the Battle of Plassey, which increased the EIC control over India.

What happened in 1857-1858?

The Sepoy Rebellion in India. Caused by tensions of the new rifle, lasted 18 months.

When did Cook arrive in Australia?

1788

How did Liverpool benefit the slave trade?

• geographic location gave easy access for merchants to trade to Africa.

How was Liverpool benefited from the Slave Trade?

• main slaving port in the 18th century

• Around 1.5 million Africans were carried in Liverpool’s ships

• Made them a lot of money

How did Bristol benefit from the Slave Trade?

• became a top slaving port in the 1730s

• Summed up 80% of Bristol’s trade abroad

• Main trader - Edward colston (shipped 84,000 Africans, part of the RAC), statue

What’s the legacy of the trade in Liverpool/Bristol?

Public buildings, street names after merchants.

Who were the suffragettes?

The group founded by Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU (women’s social and political union).

Who were the suffragists?

The group led by Millicent Fawcett, the NUWSS (National Union of Women’s suffrage societies).

What were the suffragettes tactics like?

They found that peaceful methods were ineffective and opted for a militant approach. Their methods were arson, hunger strike, destruction and chaining themselves to railings.

What were the suffragists tactics like?

Known for peaceful tactics such as lobbying parliament, protesting and handing out pamphlets.

What did Sophia Duleep Singh do to support the movement?

The high profile Suffragette who handed out pamphlets, joined the tax-resistance league and joined the Black Friday protests.

What was the government’s reaction to the suffragettes militant actions?

They began to act against the idea of women’s suffrage, banning women from museums and art galleries in 1914.

What did the government do after the suffragettes started going on hunger strike?

Issued the Cat and Mouse act, releasing suffragettes from prison until they recovered.

How did WW1 help the suffragettes win the vote?

It dispelled stereotypes that women couldn’t do the same jobs as men, changing perceptions of the role of women.

When was the Representation of the People Act passed?

In 1918, it decreed that women over 30 who had property qualification could vote.

What was Operation Dyanmo?

In May 1940, France was falling rapidly to Nazi Germany. Britain had to evacuate forces (338,000 soldiers) at Dunkirk.

What was Operation Dynamo’s impact on WW2?

• Britain could fight back with it’s soldiers later in the war

• Boost to British morale

• No western front until 1944

Who were the SOE?

A group set up by the British Government whose agents would go undercover in occupied Europe.

When is VE Day?

8 May 1945, Germany surrenders.

When is VJ Day?

15 August 1945, Japan surrenders.

How did the Battle of Britain change the course of the war?

• July 1940

• Britain achieves air dominance

• Allows the allies to have a base for D-Day

• Showed Germany can be defeated

How did the Pearl Harbour change the course of the war?

• USA joins the war

• Leads to the Japanese defeat with the USA joining the war

What was the Battle of Stanlingrad?

Between the USSR and Germany from August 1942 to February 1943. 2 million causalities, including civilians

How did D-Day impact the war?

• reopened the Western front, eventually leading to the liberation of Paris, pushing Germany back, towards Berlin

• Atlantic wall collapsed

• Boost to morale

How did the allies take Berlin?

Since there were two fronts, this made it harder for Germany to fight. When the soviets almost reached Berlin, Hitler committed suicide and his successor began peace negations.

What happened on August 6 1945?

the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, killing 80,000 people and more. Three days later, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.

How did the Soviets declaring war on Japan (8/8) & the atomic bomb affect the war?

Emperor Hirohito was pressured and had to surrender on August 15th.