Oxygenation & Hemostasis Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering pediatric oxygenation, congenital heart defects, acquired heart diseases, and relevant nursing interventions.

How long should the nurse auscultate the apical pulse during a cardiac physical assessment?

$$1\,minute$$

During a cardiac physical assessment, which two pulses should be compared via palpation?

Brachial and femoral pulses

The 1999 classification system for Pediatric Congenital Heart Defects focuses on which two factors instead of cyanosis?

Hemodynamic and blood flow patterns

What is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD)?

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

What percentage of Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) close spontaneously?

$$85\%$$

Within what time frame does the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) typically close?

$24-48\,hours$ (up to $2\,weeks$)

What noninvasive medication is used to treat Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

Indomethacin

In defects with increased pulmonary blood flow, blood is shunted in which direction?

From higher pressure left side to lower pressure right side (Left to Right)

In defects with decreased pulmonary blood flow, blood is shunted in which direction?

From higher pressure right side to lower pressure left side (Right to Left)

What are the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot (TET)?

Overriding Aorta, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Ventricular septal defect (VSD), and Thickened right ventricle (hypertrophy)

What term is used for episodes where children with Tetralogy of Fallot exhibit bluish skin during crying or feeding?

Tet spell

How is obstructed blood flow defined in CHD?

Narrowing of a vessel that interferes with the ability of blood to flow freely

In Coarctation of the Aorta, how does the blood pressure usually compare between the upper and lower extremities?

Blood pressure is higher in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities

What are the pulse findings in a child with Coarctation of the Aorta?

Bounding pulse in the upper extremities and weak or absent pulse in the lower extremities

What is the hemodynamic result of Mixed Blood Flow defects?

Mixing of well-oxygenated blood with poorly oxygenated blood, resulting in lower systemic oxygen content and decreased cardiac output

What is the anatomical abnormality in Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?

The aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle

What is another name for a Balloon Atrial Septostomy?

Rashkind Procedure

What is the primary surgical treatment for Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?

Arterial Switch

Which three structures are essential for survival in an infant with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)?

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO), Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), and Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

What is the first stage of surgical treatment for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)?

Norwood procedure

What is the second stage of surgical treatment for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)?

Glenn procedure

What is the third stage of surgical treatment for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), usually performed between 18 months and 3 years?

Fontan procedure

What acute medication treatment is used to keep the Ductus Arteriosus (DA) patent in HLHS?

PGE (Prostaglandin E)

What is the survival rate for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) to age 1?

$$51\%$$

What is the defining characteristic of Truncus Arteriosus?

A single artery arising from both the left and right ventricles

Truncus Arteriosus accounts for what percentage of all Congenital Heart Defects (CHD)?

$$1-3\%$$

What is the therapeutic action of Digoxin (Lanoxin) in CHD patients?

Improves myocardial contractility

At what pulse threshold should a nurse hold Digoxin and notify the physician?

Pulse less than $90$ bpm

What is the mechanism of Enalapril (Vasotec) or Captopril in cardiac care?

ACE inhibitor that decreases afterload by causing vasodilation

What must the nurse monitor carefully when a child is on Furosemide (Lasix)?

Intake and output (I/O), daily weights, and hypokalemia

What is the definition of Kawasaki Disease?

Acute systemic vasculitis of unknown cause

To diagnose Kawasaki Disease, an unexplained fever must last at least how many days?

$$5\,days$$

What oral mucosa change is a classic diagnostic criterion for Kawasaki Disease?

Strawberry tongue (or red/cracked lips and pharyngeal erythema)

What are the two primary medications used in the clinical management of Kawasaki Disease?

High-dose IVIG and Salicylate (aspirin) therapy

Continued cardiac issues in Kawasaki Disease are most often related to which complication?

Giant aneurysms ($\ge 8\,mm$)

What is the etiology of Rheumatic Fever?

Autoimmune disease usually caused by group A $\beta$-hemolytic strep

What criteria are used to diagnose Rheumatic Fever?

Jones Criteria (2 major, or 1 major and 2 minor with evidence of strep infection)

Under the Jones Criteria, what clinical manifestations do the letters 'J' and 'O' represent?

(J) Polyarthritis and (O) Carditis

What is the standard antibiotic treatment for the acute phase of Rheumatic Fever?

$10\,day$ course of Penicillin

In fetal blood flow, the color of blood in the Aorta matches what clinical observation?

The color of the skin and mucus membranes