Chapter 29,28,33 - ISU Exam 4.docx

What characteristics distinguish fungi from plants?

Fungi lack the ability to photosynthesize, are more closely related to animals, and obtain nutrients by absorbing digested organic matter.

What do we call organisms that obtain nutrients by eating other organisms?

Heterotrophs.

What type of cell walls do fungi have?

Cell walls of chitin.

What type of reproduction occurs in fungi where the nucleus divides through mitosis?

Nuclear mitosis.

How do fungi generally acquire their nutrients?

By absorbing nutrients after releasing enzymes into their substrate.

What types of fungal cells exist?

Haploid, Diploid, and Heterokaryotic.

What is a significant characteristic of chytridiomycota?

They are primarily aquatic and have flagellated sperm.

How do chytridiomycota impact amphibian populations?

They contribute to worldwide decline by causing diseases that infect skin.

What is the main role of Glomeromycota?

They form mycorrhizae that help plant roots absorb nutrients and water.

How does the fungal life cycle begin?

With haploid hyphae.

What is plasmogamy in fungi?

The fusion of cytoplasm from two fungal cells.

What is karyogamy in fungi?

The fusion of nuclei in fungal cells.

How many species are in the phylum basidiomycota?

Approximately 30,000.

What are basidia?

Microscopic spore-producing structures found on the basidiocarp of basidiomycete fungi.

How many species are in the phylum ascomycota?

Approximately 65,000.

What role do fungi play in ecosystems?

They act as decomposers, breaking down organic matter and returning nutrients to the environment.

What is the role of mycorrhizae in plant health?

They enhance nutrient uptake and support plant growth.

What type of organisms do plants belong to?

Photoautotrophs.

What do plants use for respiration?

Sugar.

What are some characteristics of land plants?

Multicellular, eukaryotic, have cellulose cell walls, and chloroplasts.

Which organisms are considered relatives of plants?

Brown, red, and green algae.

What is the advantage of colonizing land for plants?

Access to sunlight and abundant CO2.

What disadvantage do plants face when colonizing land?

Desiccation and support for their structure.

What is the alternation of generations in plants?

It is the life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid phases.

What is a key characteristic of seedless non-vascular plants?

Gametophyte dominance.

What defines ferns and their relatives?

They are seedless, vascular, and have a dominant sporophyte stage.

What is a characteristic of seed plants?

They are heterosporous and have tiny, dependent gametophytes.

What are gymnosperms known for?

Being seed plants with wind-dispersed pollen and naked seeds.

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have ovules inside ovaries and flowers.

What is a key function of viruses?

To use host cells for replication and to carry genetic material.

What are the parts of a virus?

Genome, capsid, and sometimes a membrane envelope.

What is the lytic cycle in viruses?

The active replication cycle resulting in the destruction of the host cell.

What is zoonotic disease?

Diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.

How do vaccines work?

They use weakened or killed viruses to stimulate the immune system.

What is herd immunity?

When a sufficient portion of a population is immune to an infection, providing indirect protection to non-immune members.