Chapter 29,28,33 - ISU Exam 4.docx

Understand that fungi share few qualities with members of the Plant Kingdom. Fungi are more closely related to animals.

Why? They lack the ability to photosynthesize (Cannot produce their own food from sunlight like plants do)

Closers to animals because they obtain nutrients by absorbing digested organic matter from their environment

Describe fungi characteristics:

Heterotrophs: Organism that eats other plants or animals for energy nutrients

Filamentous: thread-like or composed of threads, fungi are divided into long,slender chains of cells. Used to produce metabolites and enzymes.

cell walls of chitin: acts as a key structural component of the fungal cell wall.

nuclear mitosis: process of cell division where the nucleus of fungal cell divides through mitosis

most multicellular (exception yeast): many cells

all parts of the body are metabolically active: an organism or cell is performing metabolic reactions that keep the body active

Know that fungi are (Chemo) organoherterotrophic

They eat by absorbing nutrients after releasing enzymes into substrate that will break down material

Fungal cells are Haploid, Diploid, or heterokaryotic

Haploid:

Diploid:

Heterokaryotic:

Know the characteristics of chytridiomycota:

Primarily aquatic:

Flagellated sperm: male reproductive cells with a whip-like tail that enables them to swim through water

0.5-1k species

Contribute to worldwide decline of amphibians: created a disease that infects the vital skin which disrupts their ability to regulate water and electrolytes

Characteristics of phylum Glomeromycota characteristics:

200 species

Important for mycorrhizae (90% of plants are mycorrhizal.) Between green plant and a fungus; helps provide plants with nutrients and water then receiving sugars and carbon from the plant

Details of the fungal life cycle

Haploid hyphae

Plasmogamy

Dikaryotic

Karyogamy

Diploid

Meiosis

Spore

mitosis

Characteristics and life cycle of phylum basidiomycota:

30,000 species

N status of various structures

Plasmogamy and karyogamy occurs

Identify basida - microscopic spore-producing structure found on the basidiocarp of basidiomycete

Characteristics and life cycle of phylum ascomycota

65,000 species

N status of various structures

Plasmogamy and karyogamy occurs

Identify asci

40% of species are part of mutualism of lichens

Explain the ecological roles of fungi

Yeasts: breaking down organic matter, and food source for other organisms

Antibiotics: act as as a natural mechanism for certain microorganisms to gain a competitive advantage by inhibiting the growth of other bacteria

Decomposers: breaking down dead organic matter, then releasing it back to nature.

Symbiosis: (Lichens,mycorrhizae): facilitating close interactions between different species, often leading to mutual benefits that enhances nutrient cycling

Diseases: (Ergot, Cordyceps, Dutch, Elm): influencing population dynamics, regulating species abundance, shaping community structures and impacting ecosystems functions through their interactions with host organism

Describe how plants are:

photoautotrophs (get carbon from atmospheric CO2 & energy from sun)

Plants respire (use sugar) but fix more carbon during photosynthesis than they use

Plants get nutrients from soil

List plant characteristics:

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

cellulose cell walls

Chloroplasts

Phragmoplasts

Plasmodesmata

Know that plant relatives include

Brown, red, and green algae

Plants are thought to be monophyletic, that is, they have a single common ancestor

Know the advantages for colonizing land:

sunlight (not filtered by water)

abundant CO2 (not dissolved in water)

mineral soil, and few pathogens (at

first)

Know the disadvantages for colonizing land:

Desiccation (cuticle, stomata)

support for body (lignin)

areal parts separated from soil

Reproduction (tied water at first).

Describe characteristics of Alternation of Generation (AoG):

Multicellular sporophyte (2N)

produces spores (N) by meiosis.

Spores grow into multicellular gametophyte (N)

Describe more characteristics of AoG:

Multicellular gametophyte (N)

produces gametes (N) by mitosis Gametes fuse

grow into multicellular

sporophyte (2N)

Know the trends of plant evolution:

smaller gametophytes that are more

dependent on sporophytes (which are larger) and water facilitated

fertilization phases out.

Humans have practice artificial selection on

agricultural species

List the advantages for AoG:

Promotes outcrossing (plants cannot move, but

gametes, spores, & seeds can)

Since spores are produced by meiosis, they

have genetic variability.

Know the difference between homosporous vs. heterosporous

micro vs. macro spores

sporophyte structure

Know the characteristics of seedless, non-vascular plants:

Gametophyte dominant

requires water for fertilization

antheridia & archegonia

live in moist environments

tolerate desiccation

an important carbon sink

Know the characteristics of ferns & allies:

Seedless

Vascular

dominant

Sporophyte

vascular tissue with lignin

true roots (etc.)

Branching

Water facilitated fertilization

Know other characteristics of ferns & allies:

both sporophyte and gametophyte independent,

spores are not seeds

Phyla include Lycophyta

and Pteridophyta.

Know the characteristics of seed plants:

Heterosporous

gametophytes tiny & dependent

ovules pollen (contents of tube nucleus & second sperm)

Pollination is not water facilitated

Know the sequence of pollination and fertilization

Separated in time and space

Know the advantage of seeds

resisting desiccation

Improving dispersal

Increasing dormancy

Describe the characteristics of gymnosperms:

seed plants

Wind-dispersed pollen

just ovule (no ovary)

naked seed (no fruit)

no antheridium, and

second sperm dies.

Groups include cycads, gingko, conifers (Pinophyta and

Cupressophyta).

Know basic gymnosperm ecology:

cover large areas,but with low diversity

long life spans

Tolerate cold and dry conditions

Adapted wildfire

Know the characteristics of angiosperms:

seed plants

ovules inside ovaries

no archegonium

flowers, fruit, double fertilization (fate of 2nd sperm)

Endosperm

Animals typically assist fertilization & dispersal.

Know angiosperm flower structure:

monocot vs. dicot (number of petals)

perfect vs. imperfect flowers

monecious vs. dioecious plants

Know the characteristics of vascular plants:

dominant sporophyte

Vascular tissue

true roots, stems

Leaves

adaptions for stable internal water

know the importance of plants:

ecosystem services

resource provision

Aesthetics

Know the characteristics of viruses:

very small contents (genetic material +

protein capsid + possibly lipid membrane)

use other cells to do most functions (including replication, production of ATP, amino acids)

Compare and contrast the characteristics of viruses and living organisms

Differentiate between virus evolution theories:

escaped gene:

degeneration:

RNA world:

Know the parts of a virus:

Genome

Capsid

membrane envelope (only some

species)

Know the characteristics of virus classification:

no single phylogeny,

Baltimore classification includes morphology, genetic material,

nature of host species

type of disease resulting from infection

Compare and contrast RNA versus DNA viruses:

Genome size

Replication (and error) rates,

Ability to hide in host

examples (cold vs. chicken pox)

Describe viral replication

Know the long-term consequences of lysogeny

Lytic cycle (active replication)

lysogeny (hiding in cell)

Long-term consequences:

Know the trade-off between virulence and transmissibility:

too strong of virus will kill host

too weak won't be able to replicate

Know that the loss of virulence does not mean fewer people succumb to the disease

Know the 5 modes of viral transmission:

Describe how transferred, adaptations, and examples of disease

airborne, fomite, vector, oral, direct

Contact.

Transferred:

Adaptations:

Know what zoonotic diseases are and why it is difficult to develop vaccines

for these diseases.

List extinct (or soon to be extinct) diseases:

small pox and polio

Learn how vaccines work:

use weakened or killed virus to stimulate immune

system so the body can fight future exposures. Compare with mRNA virus

Know that there is no scientific support for the vaccine-caused autism.

Describe herd immunity and its consequences.