AP Human AP Exam vocab review

Agrarian

Agricultural

Industry

Process of using machines to convert raw materials into manufactured goods

Raw Materials

Basic substances needed to manufacture finished goods

Market

Place where products are sold

Cottage Industry

Small home-based business

Industrial Revolution

Started mid-eighteenth century in Great Britain

Industrial Belt

Area of industry (factories) stretching across Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes

Deindustrialization

Process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs (closing factories)

Rust Belts

Regions that have large numbers of closed factories

Berlin Conference

1884-1885 Divided up valuable regions of Africa for colonization by Europeans

Primary Sector

Extracting natural resources from the earth

Secondary Sector

Making products from natural resources

Tertiary Sector

Providing information and services to people

Quaternary

Managing and processing information

Quinary

Creating information and making high level decisions

Multiplier Effect

The potential of a job to produce more jobs (especially secondary sector jobs)

Least Cost Theory

Weber suggests factories are located where they can minimize costs

Agglomeration

Large number of businesses cluster in the same area for mutual advantage

Location Triangle

Market for a good and two sources of natural resources

Bulk-gaining Industry

The final product is heavier than the raw materials

Bulk-reducing Industry

The final product is lighter than the raw materials

Break-of-bulk

Location where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another

Containerization

The system in which goods are loaded into a standardized shipping unit

Intermodal

Containers can be carried on a truck, train, ship, or plane

Labor-oriented industry

Highly dependent on workforce, located near workers

Losch's Model

Assumes that businesses will maximize profits regardless of cost

Footloose

Businesses which can pack up and move quickly and easily

World Systems Theory

Wallerstein grouped countries into three categories based on development

Core Countries

Highly industrialized and wealthy

Semi-periphery Countries

In the process of developing, less wealthy than core countries

Periphery Countries

More reliant on producing raw materials than on industry

Gross Domestic Product

GDP Total value of goods and services produced within a country during a year (per capita)

Gross National Income

GNI AKA Gross National Product GNP, Total value of goods produced and services provided by a country's economy, even if they are not located in the country

Remittances

Money sent to family members in a person's home country

Per Capita

By head, or for each person

Purchasing Power Parity

PPP A measure of what similar goods cost in different countries

Formal Sector

The portion of the economy that is monitored by government, follows government regulations, and pays taxes

Informal Sector

The portion of the economy that is not monitored by government

Gini Coefficient (Index)

Measure of distribution of income within a population

Total Fertility Rate

TFR Number of babies a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

Infant Mortality Rate

IFR Number of deaths of babies before the age of one (1)

Life Expectancy

Number of years a person is expected to live

Literacy Rate

Percentage of the population who can read and write, usually at an 8th grade level

Gender Gap

Differences in privileges afforded to males in females in a society

Gender Inequality Index

GEI A composite measure of several factors indicating gender disparity

Human Development Index

Index HDI Combines GNI per capita with three social measures, life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling

Glass Ceiling

Invisible barrier used to describe women rarely obtaining upper-level jobs in companies, the civil service, or in governments

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

International non-profit agencies

Microcredit

Loans often to women in to start or expand a business ex: Grameen Bank

Front Office

Often home to executives, expensive, designed to impress clients

Back Office

Home to non-executives, less expensive

Commodities

Raw materials that have not undergone processing

Commodity Dependence

When a country's exports of raw materials exceed 60%

Barter

A system of exchange in which no money changes hands

Complementary Advantage

When two regions specifically meet each other's needs through exchange of raw materials and/or finished products

Comparative Advantage

The ability to produce goods and services at a lower cost than others

Free Trade

Politics or laws that reduce barriers to trade

Neoliberal Policies

A set of reforms that reduced government regulations and taxes, Reagan and Thatcher

Trade Relationships

Treaties or organizations that benefit all members

Trading Blocs

Groups of countries that agree to a common set of trade rules

Tariffs

Taxes on items entering or leaving a country, often used to raise the price of imported goods.

Trade Embargos

A trade restriction placed on a country as an economic sanction

Exports

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another

Imports

A good or service purchased by a home country from another country

Outsourcing

Contracting work to noncompany employees or to other countries

Offshoring

Moving tertiary and quaternary activities to another country

Reshoring

Returning jobs to a business's home country

Basic Economic Activity

Actions that create new wealth for a region

Non-Basic Economic

Activity Actions that do not generate new money for an area, but recirculate existing money

Export Processing Zones

(EPZs) Special manufacturing zones that offer foreign corporations major tax savings, inexpensive labor, and fewer environmental regulations

Tax Incentives

Something that saves a corporation money via tax breaks

Special Economic Zones

EPZs in China, originally on coastal cities, which have attracted foreign trade

Maquiladoras

EPZs in Mexico, usually foreign owned, often along US Border regions

Free-Trade Zones

Locations where a foreign country can store, warehouse, transfer, or process goods without taxation or duties if goods are exported

Postindustrial Economy

No longer employs large numbers of people in factories

Assembly Line

Moves an item from worker to worker with each repeatedly performing the same task.

Fordism

The assembly line system of mass production

Substitution Principle

Maximizing profits by exchanging one factor of production for another

Post-Fordism

The system of training factory workers to do more than one job so that they can rotate among a few different workstations during the day

Just-in-time-delivery

A system in which the inputs in an assembly process arrive when they are needed

Locational Interdependence

Similar businesses will intentionally locate near their competitors in the midst of their customer base

Technopole

A hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing, often located near universities

Growth Poles or Growth Centers

Economic stimulus associated with technopoles

Spin-off Benefits or Spread Effects

Positive economic outcomes beyond a growth pole

Backwash Effects

Negative effects on a region that result from economic growth in another area

Corporate Parks or Business Parks

Office or corporate buildings clustered together to take advantage of agglomeration economies

Mass Consumption

Large scale purchasing and use of manufactured goods by customers

Ecological Footprint

Impact on the environment

Resource Depletion

Overuse of resources resulting in unsustainable development

Pollution

Contaminating air and water with smoke, chemicals, and waste products

Climate Change

A change in the earth's climate

Acid Rain

Precipitation containing acidic components in wet or dry form that falls to the ground

Ecotourism

Travel to a region by people who are interested in its distinctive and unusual ecosystem

Agriculture

Humans altering the landscape to raise crops and livestock

Climate

Weather patterns in a region over long periods of time

Mediterranean Climate

Warm dry summers and cool, rainy winters

Tropical Climate

High temperatures and heavy precipitation during at least part of the year

Market-gardening

Small scale production, sold directly to local consumers

Plantation agriculture

A large estate organized to produce a single cash crop for sale

Subsistence agriculture

Designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and family