Human anatomy and physiology II Dr. Heda ( female reproductive)

female sex gametes

oocyte

a muscular tube between uterus and vestibule

vagina

is an epithelial fold blocking entrance

hymen

derived from the same embryonic cells as penis

clitoris

central space, surrounded by labia. glandular secretions keep it moist

vestibule

fleshy flap like structures encircle vestibule clitoris

labia minora and majora

made of adipose tissue above pubic symphasis

mons pubis

derived from the same embryonic tissue as penis in males

clitoris

erectile tissue

crus of clitoris

comparable to corpus spongiosum of male penis

bulb of vestibule

discharge their secretions on the exposed surface of vestibule (like bulbourethral gland)

greater vestibular glands

hairless folds located inside the large labia majora

labia minora

thick folds of fatty skin that is homologous to male scrotum, outer margins are covered by coarse hair

labia majora

large mound of skin and fatty tissue located anterior to the pubic symphasis also covered with pubic hair

mons pubis

yellowish white flat structure located near lateral wall of pelvic cavity

ovaries

what does the ovaries produce

immature ova, hormones

small lumpy shaped organs

ovaries

flattened ovary measures

5cm x 2.5 cm x 8 mm thick

muscular chamber that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for developing embryo

uterus

age range of a embryo

1-8 weeks

time range for a fetus

9 weeks- delivery

how long is the uterus

7-8 cm

how much does the uterus weigh

30-40g

both ovaries and uterus are stabilized by _____________

mesentery

inner, thin, glandular, glandular and vascular tissues that supports physiological demands of growing fetus

endometrium

how much of uterine mass is endometrium

10%

middle muscular layer, contract during delivery time, and assist in childbirth

myometrium

outer serous membrane of uterine wall

perimetrium

largest portion of the uterus

body

rounded portion that supports the attachment of the uterine tubes

fundus

constriction where the body ends

isthmus

The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the

tubular cervix

an elastic muscular tube, extending between the uterus and vestibule

vagina

how long is the vagina

7.5-9 cm

what muscle constrict the vagina when contracted

bulbosponglosus muscle

includes monthly oogenesis between puberty and menopause

ovarian cycle

begins before birth, accelerates at puberty and ends at menopause

oogenesis

undergoes mitosis before birth, producing two diploid daughter cells

oogonium (stem cell)

what happens between 3rd and 7th month of fetal development

primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I

meiosis I halts a prophase stage and remain suspended for years until

puberty

how many oocytes survive until puberty

400,000

when oocytes degenerate

atresia

undergoes meiosis II where cell division halt at metaphase stage and released from the ovary

secondary oocyte

completed only if this mature ovum fertilizes with the spermatozoa

meiosis II

site of oocyte growth and meiosis I, primary oocytes are located in outer part of ovarian cortex in clusters called egg nests

follicles

each primary oocyte in an egg nest is surrounded by follicle cells, primary oocyte + follicle cells=primordial follicle

primordial follicle

what days does the secondary oocyte and its surrounding follicular cells lose their connection with the follicular wall and float within antrum

14-28 days

begins at ovulation

luteal phase

ovaries have about 2 million primordial follicles at birth containing a

primary oocyte

majority of primordial follicles disintegrate a process called

atresia

at puberty how many primordial follicles

400,000

out of 400,000 primordial follicles how many ovulated as secondary oocytes

500

when ovulation stops

menopause

when does menopause usually begin

45-55

released from anterior lobe of pituitary gland. initiate oogenesis and spermatogenesis

FSH

induces ovulation in females and help production of testosterone in males

LH

released by cells of developing follicles

estrogen

estrogen stimulates

bone/muscle growth, maintain female sex characteristics, initiate repair and growth and endometrium

secreted by hypothalamus triggers release of FSH and LH

GnRh

stimulate the growth of secondary follicles to begin their development into tertiary follicles

FSH

maintain female sex characteristics in terms of distribution of adipose tissue and hair growth

estrogen

prepare uterus for pregnancy

progesterone

ovarian cycle is divided into

follicular phase and luteal phase

pre ovulatory phase

follicular phase

post ovulatory phase

luteal phase

how long is an ovarian cycle

28 days

formation of primary follicles of ovarian cycle

follicular cells divide and forms layers around primary oocyte, granulosa cells multiply and form a layer of thecal cells and together produce estrogen

follicle cells surrounding primary oocyte, divide and form layer of cells around the growing primary oocyte

granulosa cells

granulosa cells promote formation of

thecal cells

formation of secondary follicles

wall of follicle thickens and starts secreting a fluid called the follicular fluid. appears larger in size due to accumulation of follicular fluid

how many secondary follicles remain of day five of ovarian cycle

1

formation of tertiary follicles of ovarian cycle

LH level rises and meiosis I now completes resulting into a large secondary oocyte and a small polar body

what days does tertiary follicles mature

10-14

oocyte separates from follicular wall, float in antrum

14th day

promotes ovulation

LH

central chamber of follicle

antrum

tertiary follicles release the secondary oocyte that travels through uterine tube with fluid currents with the help of ciliated wall

ovulation

largest cell in human body

ovum

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

empty tertiary follicle collapses and ruptured vessels bleed

granulose cells invade the area and form an endocrine structure named

corpus luteum

cholesterol content of corpus luteum produce

progesterone

prepares uterus for pregnancy

progesterone

how many days after ovulation do progesterone and estrogen level drops

12 days

fibroblasts invade inactive corpus luteum and form corpus albicans

corpus albicans

what ends the ovarian cycle

disintegration of corpus luteum

funnel shaped structure closed to ovary with ciliated interior of uterine tube

infundibulum

finger like projections of infundibulum. assist transport oocyte from ovary to uterus

fimbriae

thicker middle portion

ampulla

segment connecting ampulla to uterine wall

isthmus

by cillary/peristaltic contractions in walls of uterine tube. From infundibulum to uterine cavity takes 3-4 days

oocyte transport

to occur secondary oocyte must meet spermatozoa during first 12-24 h of its passage

fertilization

inner cell mass develops into

syncytial trophoblast

steps of fertilization

1. oocyte at ovulation

2. acrosomal cap of spermatozoa release hyaluronidase

3.sperm is absorbed

4. male-female pronuclei migrate to center

5.metaphase of first cleavage divison

6. 1st cleavage ~30 hours after fertilaztion

the nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization after the sperm enters the ovum, but before the genetic material of the sperm and egg fuse

pronucleus

the major difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis:

cytoplasm or oocyte is not evenly distributed during meiotic division and ovary does not release a mature gamete

narrow inferior neck like portion opens into vagina

cervix

hormones that help in child birth

oxytocin and prostaglandins

1st menstrual period at puberty

menarche

how often does menstrual cycle repeat

21-35 days

precede menopause with irregular uterine cycle

perimenopause