All Crime or Male Crime?

Masculinity

A social construct or accomplishment that men must constantly work at constructing and presenting to others.

Hegemonic masculinity

The dominant form of masculinity characterized by traits like paid labor, subordination of women, heterosexism, and uncontrollable sexuality.

Subordinated masculinities

Forms of masculinity exhibited by groups like gay men, lower class, and some ethnic minority men who lack resources to achieve hegemonic masculinity.

Accommodating masculinity

A form of masculinity displayed by white middle-class youths, subordinate in school but oppositional outside through behaviors like drinking and vandalism.

Oppositional masculinity

A form of masculinity exhibited by white working-class youths who display toughness and defiance against authority both inside and outside school.

Bouncers in Sunderland

Young working-class men working in the night-time economy, providing paid work and opportunities for illegal business, demonstrating masculinity through violence.

Bodily capital

The physical attributes developed by an individual, especially by bouncers, to maintain an intimidating presence and compete in the nightlife economy.

Cloward and Ohlin's theory

Distinction between conflict and criminal subcultures, underscoring the violent nature of Sunderland's subculture and lack of organized crime opportunities.

Globalization and de-industrialization

The transition from industrial to service sector jobs leading to loss of traditional working-class roles and shifting expressions of masculinity.