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Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of life.

Unicellular Organism

An organism made up of a single cell that can live independently (e.g., Amoeba, bacteria).

Multicellular Organism

An organism composed of many cells that work together (e.g., plants, animals).

Plasma Membrane

The outermost covering of the cell, separating contents from the environment, and selectively permeable.

Diffusion

The movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower until equilibrium is reached.

Hypotonic Solution

A dilute solution where water enters the cell, causing it to swell.

Isotonic Solution

A solution where there is no net water movement, and the cell retains its size.

Hypertonic Solution

A concentrated solution where water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells engulf food or materials due to their flexible membrane.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer covering of plant cells that provides structural strength, mainly made of cellulose.

Plasmolysis

The process in which a living plant cell loses water through osmosis, causing the contents to shrink away from the cell wall.

Nucleus

A spherical structure inside the cell that contains chromosomes and controls cell activities.

Chromosomes

Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that carry hereditary information in the form of DNA.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with well-defined nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotes

Organisms without a nuclear membrane and poorly defined nuclear region (e.g., bacteria).

Mitochondria

The powerhouses of the cell that produce ATP, having their own DNA and ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of membrane-bound sacs involved in storage, modification, packaging, and dispatch of materials.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound sacs filled with digestive enzymes that digest foreign material and worn-out organelles.

Vacuoles

Storage sacs, with large central vacuoles in plant cells that provide turgidity and store substances.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from one mother cell.

Meiosis

A two-stage cell division forming four daughter cells with half the chromosomes, used for gamete formation.

Cell Theory

The theory that all living organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.