Macomb Biology 1800 Exam 4 Diagram | Quizlet

Excretion

The removal of soluble waste materials.

Nitrogenous Wastes

ammonia, urea, uric acid, made when we use ATP

Ammonia

Highly toxic, requires a lot of water to excrete, common in aquatic animals

Urea

Less toxic, soluble in water, excreted by mammals and amphibians

Uric acid

Least toxic, conserves water, excreted as a paste or solid by birds, reptiles, and some insects

How are Nitrogenous Wastes made?

proteins are broken down to amino acids, and before it's used in respiration, amino is removed

Flame Cells

In flatworms, specialized cells that remove excess water from the body

Tube cells

carry out osmoregulation in Flatworms

Nephridia

excretory organ of an annelid that filters fluid in the coelom

Malpighian Tubules

tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the hindgut in arthropods

The Urinary System

- kidneys urine

- ureters transport urine from kidney to bladder

- urinary bladder stores urine till it's released

- urethra carries urine from bladder to outside

Excretory Organ for Chordata

Kidneys

Nephron

functional unit of the kidney

Bowman's capsule

It is part of the nephron where urine formation begins.

Glomerular capillaries

They are blood vessels in the Bowman's capsule.

Glomerular filtrate

It is the fluid from the blood that enters the nephron, containing water and small molecules.

Four regions of the Nephron

- Bowman's capsule

- Proximal tubule

- Loop of Henle

- Distal tubule

Loop of Henle

Carries out much of the reabsorption & It is important for secretion.

Subphylum Vertebrata

Chordates with "Backbones", Myxini don't have one

Myxini (Hagfish)

lack key vertebrate features such as jaws, vertebrae, and paired fins, making them resemble very early chordates

Post-anal tail

tail posterior to the anus; found in chordate embryos and most adults

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

develops from ectoderm cells to form the central nervous system

Notochord

long, flexible tube under the dorsal nerve cord; a primitive endoskeleton in invertebrates

Pharyngeal Slits

feeding openings in invertebrate

become gill slits in many vertebrates

Gill Slits

In cartilaginous fish, visible openings for breathing

Cephalochordate

Chordates Without Backbones, can swim in a sinusoidal (s-shaped) pattern

Complete Metamorphosis

change of a larva into an adult; looks and functions different, in Urochordata and Amphibians

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

jawless and cranium is attached to a cartilage rod that surrounds the nerve cord

Chondrichthyes

Fish, they have a skeleton somewhat flexible made of cartilage (Jaws & Tails/Fins for getting food)

Cartilage

mass of fibers made of the protein Collagen embedded in a protein-carbohydrate complex called Chondrin

Swim Bladder

air-filled sac in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy; originally to get oxygen from low oxygen waters

Amnionic Egg

shell and membranes that make a protected place for a embryo to develop out of the water (Reptiles first to have it)

Groups with Amniotic Egg

1. Reptiles (First group to have it)

2. Birds

3. Mammals

Actinopterygii

ray-finned fishes' vertebrates, all groups after have bony skeletons

Sarcopterygii (Slightly Adapted)

lobe-finned fishes, Can Breathe and survive outside of the water

Amphibians (Partially Adapted)

water animals but can live on land, scaly skin, lay eggs in water & may have lungs

Endothermic

Warm Blooded, heated from within the body (Birds + Mammals)

Ectothermic

Cold Blooded, Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat (Most Animals)

Deuterostome Development (Chordates)

Radial and indeterminate cleavage, folds of archenteron form coelom, anus develops from blastopore

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

freshwater lobe fins that must breathe air; very close to Sarcopterygii

Bone

Made of Calcium, Phosphate, and Collagen

Evolutionary Path

Lobe-finned fishes → Amphibians → Reptiles → Birds + Mammals

Birds + Mammals Heart

Four Chambered

Mammals Offspring

dont develop in amniotic egg; develop inside mother & receive nutrients through placenta

Placenta

allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

First Group to lay eggs on Land

Reptiles

Urochordata

Most likely to be Vertebrate ancestor

Invertebrate Chordates

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Lateral Line System (Cartilaginous & Bony Fish)

sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water

Operculum

bony flap that covers and protects the gills without moving

Negative Pressure Breathing

air is pulled into the lungs when the lung volume is expanded (Reptiles, Birds, Mammals)

Positive Pressure Breathing

used by amphibians in which air is forced into the lungs.

Keratin (Protein)

Makes Feathers, Fur, and Fingernails, makes skin and scales waterproof (Reptiles, Birds, Mammals)

Filtration

begins in the glomerulus, blood is filtered into Bowman's capsule, powered by blood pressure.

Tubular Reabsorption

kidneys put useful substances from urine (water, glucose, amino acids) back into the blood

Tubular Secretion

Puts waste into tubular fluid, toxic waste reabsorbed is also put here

Urine in Land Dwellers

Can be Hypertonic, Isotonic, or Hypotonic; Hypertonic Urine saves water

Kangaroo Rat Adaptations

- waterproof skin/fur

- produce dry feces

- exhale dry air

- highly hypertonic urine

- metabolic water produced during cellular respiration

Afferent Neurons (Sensory)

take information from the senses to the brain

Interneurons (association neurons)

neurons that connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

Effector/Motor Neurons

transmits information from the central nervous system to muscle cells or glands

Reflex Arc Diagram

A: Stimulus

B: Afferent Neuron

C: Interneuron

D: Effector/Motor Neuron

E: Muscle

Resting Potential

leak channels let some potassium exit the cell for negative potential, Potassium high In, Sodium high Out

Neurons Positive and Negative Charges

- Sodium for more Positive Charge

- Potassium for more Negative Charge

Threshold Potential

Sodium channels open, positive charge neuron, another Neuron sent a transmitter to open the channel

Peak Potential of Neuron

Sodium closes and Potassium opens to begin making the neuron negative potential again

Isotonic Muscle Contraction

muscle changes in length with no change in tension, load is not heavy

Isometric Muscle Contraction

muscle changes in tension with no change in length, load is too heavy

Sarcomere

Contractile unit of muscle

Neuromuscular Junction

point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell, uses acetylcholine

Neurotransmitters (Messengers)

cross the synaptic gaps, stored in presynaptic cell that releases in exocytosis when action potential is met

Tetanus

a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of action potentials, brief is a Twitch

Sarcomere Diagram

A: Made of Myosin, ATP Binds here, Binding site of Actin

B: Z Line

C: Troponin/Tropomyosin, Calcium Binds here, Made of Actin

D: Sarcomere

E: Location of where the two Overlap

Muscle Relaxation

Head Detaches when ATP Binds, with no ATP muscles cant relax, Calcium binds to Troponin, Tropomyosin blocks Myosin heads

T-Tubules

Impulse that triggers muscle relaxation, action potential travels here

TERM

Chordata - Symmetry

DEFINITION

Bilateral

TERM

Chordata - Germ Layers

DEFINITION

Triploblast

TERM

Chordata - Cavity

DEFINITION

Coelom

TERM

Chordata - Digestive System

DEFINITION

Complete

TERM

Chordata - Circulatory System

DEFINITION

Closed

TERM

Chordata - Respiratory Surfaces

DEFINITION

Body Surface, Lungs, Gills

TERM

Chordata - Nervous System

DEFINITION

Present, Can Learn

TERM

Chordata - Major Development

DEFINITION

Deuterostome Development

TERM

Myxini - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

S-Shaped & Swimming

TERM

Myxini - Common Name

DEFINITION

Hagfish

TERM

Petromyzontida - Common Name

DEFINITION

Lampreys

TERM

Chondrichthyes - Common Name

DEFINITION

Cartilaginous Fish

TERM

Actinopterygii - Common Name

DEFINITION

Ray-Finned Bony Fish

TERM

Sarcopterygii - Common Name

DEFINITION

Lobe-Finned Fish

TERM

Amphibia - Common Name

DEFINITION

Frogs & Salamanders

TERM

Reptilia - Common Name

DEFINITION

Reptiles

TERM

Avians - Common Name

DEFINITION

Birds

TERM

Petromyzontida - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

N/A

TERM

Chondrichthyes - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Jaw & Paired Fins

TERM

Actinopterygii - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Swim Bladder & Operculum

TERM

Sarcopterygii - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Lobed Fins

TERM

Amphibia - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Legs

TERM

Reptilia - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Amniotic Egg

TERM

Avians - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Feathers & Flight

TERM

Mammalia - Evolutionary Advancement

DEFINITION

Hair & Mammary Glands (For Milk)