Unit 3

An organic compound consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

What is functional group?

Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tending to function in chemical reactions as a single unit

Name five functional groups

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Amino (-NH2)

Methyl (-CH3)

Phosphate (-PO4²)

Hydroxyl

-OH

Polar

Hydrogen bonding

Carboxyl

-COOH

Acidic

Donates H+

Amino

-NH2

Basic

Accepts H+

Methyl

-CH3

Nonpolar

Hydrophobic (component of all fatty acids)

Phosphate

-PO4²

Negative charge

Component of all phospholipids and nucleotides

How does any large molecule is referred as

Macromolecule

What is the name of a small building block molecule

Monomer

A large molecule made of many monomers

Polymer

Углеводы

Carbohydrates

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

(CH2O)n

Monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

2 monomers of carbohydrates

Disaccharide

Polymer of carbohydrate

Polysaccharide

A monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms

Hexose

Monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms

Pentose

3 hexoses

Glucose, fructose, galactose

2 pentoses

Ribose, deoxyribose

What bond links monosaccharides in a disaccharide

Glycosidic bond

What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

Glucose and fructose

What monosaccharides make up lactose?

Glucose and galactose

What monosaccharides make up maltose?

Glucose and glucose

A plant polysaccharide made of glucose

Scratch

The storage form of glucose in animals

Glycogen

A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls

Cellulose

Why are lipids hydrophobic ?

They contain nonpolar hydrocarbons and a few oxygen atoms at the periphery

A mixture of substance that do not mix well

Emulsion

How is fat called?

Triglycerides

What is triglyceride made of?

One glycerol (C+ OH) and 3 fatty acids

How are triglycerides formed?

By dehydration synthesis between glycerol and fatty acids (there are 3 fatty acids => 3 H2O)

A fatty acid with no double carbon bonds

Saturated fatty acids (pack tightly and are solid at room temperature)

A fatty acid with one double carbon bond

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with two or more double carbon bonds

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Which vitamins are fat-soluble

A,D,E,K

Sugar fat compounds found in cell membranes

Glycolipids

How triglycerides is being transported in body fluids?

It uses lipoproteins

Phospholipid contains

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The phosphate containing head

What structure do phospholipids form?

The phospholipid bilayer (the basic structure of cell membranes)

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

4 hydrocarbon rings

What is the most important steroid in humans?

Cholesterol

What are two important functions of cholesterol?

Formation of bile acids and steroid hormones

Signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids

Prostaglandins

What do prostaglandins regulate?

Inflammation, pain, blood pressure

What is protein made of?

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

What elements are found in proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur

Proteins in human body

Keratin, collagen, enzymes (ферменты), antibodies, neurotransmitters, peptide hormones (ex. growth hormones)

What are carbs, lipids, protein made from?

Sugars, fatty acids/glycerol, amino acids respectively

What are the monomers of proteins ?

Amino acids

What groups are found on every amino acid?

Amino group (alkaline/basic), Carboxyl group (acidic), hydrogen atom, variable group

Short chain of amino acids

Peptide

Chain of 100 or less amino acids

Polypeptides

Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet

Essential amino acids

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids

Spiral secondary structure of a protein

Alpha-helix

Folded sheet-like secondary structure

Beta-sheet

Three-dimensional shape of a protein

Tertiary structure

Two or more polypeptides bonded together

Quaternary structure

What proteins are involved in muscle contraction

Actin and myosin

What is the function of collagen

Structural support

What is the function of hemoglobin

Transport oxygen

What are enzymes (ферменты)

Protein catalyst that speed up reaction

What proteins defend body from pathogens

Antibodies

How do proteins help regulate pH

By acting as buffers

Why is using protein for energy harmful long-term

It cases tissue breakdown

3 parts of nucleotide

Phosphate group, pentose sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), nitrogen-containing base

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

What base replaces thinking in RNA

Uracil

What do nucleotides form?

DNA, RNA - genetic information

ATP - energy carrying nucleotide

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

What are the components of ATP

Ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups

The energy cycle

ATP - adenosine thriphosphate

ADP - adenosine diphosphate

AMP - Adenosine monophosphate

Addition of a phosphate group

Phosphorylation

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

What forms the backbone of DNA?

Alternating sugar and phosphate groups

What holds the two DNA strands together

Hydrogen bonds between bases

What is a gene?

A DNA sequence containing instructions for protein synthesis

How many chromosomes do humans have

46

What does mRNA stand for

Messenger RNA

Where are the proteins synthesized

Ribosomes