7th 2nd Sem BM SG

Two processes are needed in humans to break down food for energy: cellular respiration and _____.

Digestion

What is the primary purpose of digestion and cellular respiration in the human body?

To break down food to release stored energy.

What usually happens to white tail deer if their forest habitat is cut down for construction?

The deer will move to another habitat.

How does habitat loss, such as cutting down forests for homes, typically affect brown bear populations?

They will have less food to eat and will move away.

When native green anoles and invasive brown anoles are placed in the same habitat, what is the likely result of their interaction?

They compete for resources.

What was the final observed difference between native green anoles and invasive brown anoles in the Southern U.S.?

The population of native green anoles was smaller than that of the invasive brown anoles.

Identify an important form of prey that provides vital nutrients to grizzly bears in Alaska.

Salmon

What does the narrowing of an ecological pyramid from bottom to top represent regarding energy?

Energy decreases as it flows to higher levels.

Why does energy decrease as it moves from the bottom to the top of an ecological pyramid?

Some energy is used at each level for life processes.

In the predator-prey relationship involving ladybugs, what is their primary prey?

Aphids

How does a change in the size of one population generally affect an ecosystem?

It affects all other organisms because they are interdependent.

To minimize competition, what specific soil conditions does 'Species 2' (from the provided graph) prefer?

Very dry, very sandy, and hot soil.

According to natural selection, why would the finch Certhidia olivacea survive best on an island with cacti and honey-filled flowers?

Its tiny pointed bill is best adapted to sip nectar.

According to the Law of Superposition in paleontology, which layer of sediment contains the oldest fossils?

The lowest layer.

What is one reason well-preserved whale fossils have been found in the southern parts of Mississippi?

They were preserved in rocks formed from sediments deposited by rivers.

The discovery of tropical plant fossils in Antarctica suggests what about its prehistoric past?

Antarctica was once closer to the equator and had a different climate.

Mutation

The random alteration of DNA from parent to offspring that produces variable characteristics.

In the context of evolution, how do mutations affect a population?

They produce variable characteristics, some of which are helpful and others harmful.

What is the likely long-term outcome for a group of organisms with a harmful mutation like 'fused hands'?

Extinction

What evidence do fossils in rock formations provide about Earth's history?

They show how life and environmental conditions have changed over time.

How does the cell membrane protect the cell against pathogens?

By acting as a physical barrier.

Which organelle uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy?

Mitochondria

Identify the two main byproducts of the energy-releasing process in the mitochondria.

Energy and carbon dioxide

In a cell diagram, where is the primary site of cellular respiration located?

The mitochondria.

What is the correct sequence for the levels of organization in a plant?

Cell → Tissue (stem) → Organ (leaf) → Organism (plant)

How does the muscular system interact with the circulatory system to control blood flow?

A layer of muscle in the veins and arteries allows them to dilate and contract.

Which specific muscle contracts to pull air into the lungs during respiration?

The diaphragm

How do facial muscles contribute to the digestive process?

They allow the mouth to open, close, and chew food into smaller pieces.

What is the role of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines?

It helps move food through the digestive tract.

Which two body systems work together as an interdependent system to protect the body from outside stimuli?

The nervous and muscular systems.

What is the function of sensory receptors located in the muscles?

They detect outside stimuli and help the muscles react accordingly.

Describe the signal flow when the body detects a danger like a hot stove.

Sensory receptors send signals to the brain, which then signals muscles to move.

Why is it easier for scientists to grow tracheas than complex organs like hearts or lungs?

Hearts and lungs are made of many different types of cells and tissues.

At what level of biological organization is the brain categorized?

Organ level

Which components are necessary to complete the nervous system alongside the brain?

The spinal cord, sensory organs (like eyes), and nervous tissue.

True or False: A fossil must be a whole animal or plant to be considered valid evidence.

False (broken fragments and tracks are also fossils).

In the anole lizard study, what happened to the green anole population after being combined with the brown anole?

The green anole population decreased.

Process: Breaking down glucose using oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

Interdependence

The state where all living things within an ecosystem rely on one another; changes in one population affect all others.

What does a 'well-drained' soil type refer to in plant ecology?

Soil that does not remain water-saturated, allowing water to pass through easily.

Which Galapagos finch species is likely the fittest for digging up worms?

Geospiza fortis

What is the primary function of the cell's mitochondria?

To act as the site of cell respiration where nutrients are converted to energy.

How does sexual reproduction contribute to the process of evolution?

It enhances genetic variability among offspring.

According to the provided experiment data, which mutation resulted in the least amount of candy collected?

Blindness (Group G).

What level of organization is represented by a leaf on a plant?

Organ

How does the nervous system provide protection for the body's internal communication?

It provides a network of nerves and a protective system for them.

In an ecological pyramid, which group occupies the bottom level?

Producers (e.g., Phytoplankton).

In an ecological pyramid, which group occupies the highest level?

Apex predators (e.g., Birds and Mammals).

What happens to the ladybug population if the aphid population increases significantly?

The ladybug population will increase.

Why is the rotation of the Earth or volcanic eruptions generally rejected as the reason for tropical fossils in Antarctica?

Tectonic plate movement explains the shift from the equator more accurately.