Systems & Protein synthesis

Integumentary system

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissues from injury

• Synthesizes vitami D

• Site of cutaneous (pain, pressure), receptors, sweat and oil glands

Skeletal system

• Protects & supportss body organs

• Provides a framework for the muscles to use to cause movement

• Blood cells are formed within bones, it also stores minerals

Muscular system

• Allows manipulation of the environment, locomation & facial expression

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat → Muscle shiver

Nervous system

• fast acting control system of the body

• responds to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles & glands.

Endocrine system

• glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction & nutrient use by body cells

Cardiovascular system

• Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, Nutrients & wastes.

• Heart pumps blood

Lymphatic system

• Picks up fluids leaked from blood vessels & return t to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

• Houses white blood cells involved in immunity

• Lymhocytes, monocytes, antibody produces cells called Plasma Cell

Immune system

• A functional system that protects the body via the immune response

• Foreign substance are attracted by lympocytes & antibodies.

Respiratory system

• keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen & enzymes CO2

• Gaseous exchanges occur throughh the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Digestive system

• breaks down food into absordable unit that entters the blood for distribution of nutrients to body cells.

Urinary system

• eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

• regulates water, electrolyte, acid-base and balance of the blood

Reproductive system

• production of offspring

• testes produce sperm & male sex hormone

• Ducts and gland aids in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

• Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormone

• Mammry glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish newborn

Peptide bond

• forms between two amino acids

Cell cycle

• the ordered series of events that a cell goes through to grow and divide. It involves three primary stages: interphase (cell growth and DNA copying), mitosis (separating the duplicated DNA), and cytokinesis (splitting the cell into two new daughter cells).

Interphase

• Longer phase of cell cycle

• high metabolic activity

• DNA replication

• Production of additional organelles

Mitotic phase

• the period in the cell cycle where a cell physically divides its duplicated DNA and cytoplasm into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Prophase

• chromatin condenses into chromosomes

• each chromosome= two chromatids joined at the centromere

• centrioles moves to the opposite ends

• spindle fibers extend between the centriole pair

• nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear.

Metaphase

• the crucial middle stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) where duplicated chromosomes condense and align perfectly along the center of the cell, known as the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

• the stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) where duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

• chromosomal movement stops

• chromosomes uncoil

• nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form

• mitotic spindle breaks up

• cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells

cytokinesis

• division of the cells cytoplasm and organelles

• formation of cleavage furrow

• completion of ___ marks the end of cell division

Meiosis

• used to produce gametes, egg and sperm cells

• a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes (sex cells) from a single diploid parent cell.