Cardiovascular System & Diseases

Epicardium

outer layer of the wall of the heart

Myocardium

muscle of the heart

Endocardium

inner layer of the heart

Pericardium

loose fitting sac which encapsulates the heart

How many chambers does the human heart have?

4

Right and left atria

upper chambers which receive blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs

Ventricles

lower chambers which send blood from the heart to the body and lungs

Septum

thick wall of muscle separating the left and right ventricles

Valves

regulate the flow of blood in and out of the heart

Aorta

The largest artery in the body

What do arteries do?

Carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the entire body

Where does the heart receive blood from?

via coronary arteries which branches from Aorta

TRUE or FALSE: The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that carries de-oxygenated blood

True

arterioles

smaller blood vessels

capillaries

smallest blood vessels

What do Capillaries do?

Carry blood from the arterioles to the tissues; delivery and collection of essential materials and gases from the cells

veins

larger blood vessels; carry blood away from the tissues toward the heart

mitral or bicuspid valve and the tricuspid valve

allow blood from the atria into the ventricles

aortic and pulmonary valve

control the flow of blood leaving the ventricles

What is a part of the lymphatic system?

• bone marrow

• thymus

• lymph nodes

The lymphatic system a part of the ___________.

immune system

The lymphatic system complementary to the __________.

circulatory system

Does the cardiovascular system have a normal microbiota?

No, it is usually devoid of microorganisms

What are the two categories of blood infections?

• intravascular

  • extravascular

How are intravascular infections transmitted?

• artificial heart valves

• pacemakers

• arterial lines

What pathogens cause intravascular infections?

• Staphylococcus epidermidis

• Corynebacterium species

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Enterobacteriaceae spp.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Candida spp.

How are extravascular infections caused?

microorganisms entering the cardiovascular systemthrough the lymphatic system

• UTI’s

• Pneumonia

• Pericarditis

Symptoms of blood diseases:

• Tachypnea (rapid breathing)

• shaking chills

• fever

• abdominal pain

• nausea

• vomiting

• diarrhea

• Septic shock

What are the diseases of the cardiovascular system?

• Bacteremia

• Sepsis

• Septic shock

• Endocarditis

What is bacteremia?

presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

How is bacteremia caused?

• dental procedures (even brushing teeth)

• Insertion of urinary catheter

• colonization of indwelling devices (IV catheter)

What can intermittent bacteremia also cause?

• endocarditis

• septic shock

• osteomyelitis

What is intermittent bacteremia?

Bacteria are released periodically from the site of infection

What is sepsis?

presence of actively dividing bacteria in the blood

What are the symptoms of sepsis?

• fever

• increased heart rate

• increased respiratory rate

• high WBC count

• Can escalate to septic shock

Who is sepsis typically seen in?

• infants

• immunocompromised patients

• elderly

• people with chronic illnesses

What is septic shock?

the action of by-products of actively dividing organisms in the body and the body’s reaction to these bacterial by-products

What type of bacteria typically cause the worst cases of septic shock?

gram-negative rods

What are the by-products of septic shock?

• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

• exotoxins

What are the symptoms of septic shock?

• blood pressure drops

• decreased blood flow to organs

What is a potentially fatal complication of septic shock?

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

• development of clots in blood vessels

• eventually complete organ failure

• high mortality

What is endocarditis?

Infection of the heart’s inner lining or valves

What are the types of bacterial endocarditis?

• Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

• acute bacterial endocarditis

What is Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)?

A type of bacterial endocarditis that progresses gradually (weeks to months)

What is acute bacterial endocarditis?

Endocarditis that progresses rapidlyWhat

What bacteria causes acute bacterial endocarditis?

Staphylococcus aureus

What bacteria causes Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)?

Streptococcus mutans

What can bacterial endocarditis lead to?

• murmurs due to vegetative masses and damage

• congestive heart failure

What are the treatments for cardiovascular diseases?

• antibiotics

What are the common Gram-positive cocci pathogen isolates of Bacteremia?

• Streptococcus mutans

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Enterococcus spp.

• Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Streptococcus pyogenes

What are the common Gram-negative cocci pathogen isolates of Bacteremia?

• E. coli

• Enterobacter spp.

• Klebsiella spp.

• Proteus spp.

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What are the common pathogen isolates for endocarditis?

• Oral Flora

• Viridans Streptococcus

• Skin flora with artificial heart valves

• Staphylococcus spp.

• Candida spp.

What are the common pathogen isolates for Catheter-related infections?

• Gram-positive:

  • Staphylococcus epidermidis

  • Staphylococcus aureus

  • Corynebacterium spp.

  • Candida spp.