Org. Chem MidTerm

Carbon atoms have a tendency to bond…. and form chains

covalently

How many bonds are carbon atoms able to form? (same # as their valence electrons)

4

Saturated compounds

only single bonds

unsaturated compounds

contain at least 1 double or triple bond

Molecular Formulas

show the atoms and the # of atoms involved in a molecule but nothing else

Structural Formulas

show each type of atom and how they are arranged in a molecule

Hydrocarbons

organic compounds that contain only atoms of hydrogen and carbon

Alkanes

only single covalent bonds (C_nH_2n+2) SATURATED

Alkenes

contain one double covalent bond (C_nH_2n) UNSATURATED

Alkynes

contain one triple covalent bond
(C_nH_2n-2) UNSATURATED

Which names indicates a hydrocarbon with one halogen?

2-Chlorobutane

The alkyl halides appear as an alkane that has one or more of its hydrogens replaced with a…

Halogen element

The root and ending “hexane” describe what kind of structure?

Six carbons in a chain, all C-C single bonds

The polyhydroxy alcohols with six carbons are generally called…

Sugars

Formalin is an aqueous solution of Formaldehyde. What is the solubility limit of formaldehyde in water by weight?

37%

Which alcohol is commonly known as rubbing alcohol?

2-propranol

What type of alcohol oxidizes to an aldehyde?

Primary alcohol

The root and ending “methanol” describe what kind of structure?

one carbon with a hydroxyl group attached

Formaldehyde has how many carbons?

one

The root and ending “Propanone” (Acetone) describe what kind of structure?

Three carbon ketone

The ending “-ol” indicates what about the structure?

There is an OH group attached to a carbon

Glutaraldehyde is a

dialdehyde with five carbons called 1,5-Pentanedial

An ethyl group has how many carbons?

2

Carbon Tetrachloride has the molecular formula…

CCL4

A propyl group has how many carbons?

three

All hydrocarbons undergo…

combustion

Root term for 4 carbons is….

But-

Which of the following compounds is a primary amine?

Methylamine

Which of the following is an amide?

Urea

The ending "-amide" indicates what about the structure?

There is a carbonyl bonded to nitrogen in the structure

Which of the following compounds is a carboxylic acid?

Acetic Acid

Which of the following compounds is a thiol?

2-Meraptoethanol
5-Sulfhydrylpentanoic Acid
1,2 – ethanedithiol

ALL

An ester is typically formed by the condensation reaction of what two organic compounds?

Acid and alcohol

A secondary amine would have how many alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen?

two

The ending "-amine" indicates what about the structure?

There is a nitrogen in the structure

Which is a secondary amine?

Dimethylamine

The amines are important to the funeral profession because they are associated with decomposition of proteins in the body. They are characterized by…

Bad odors

The ending "-thiol" indicates what about the structure?

There is sulfur in the structure

Which of the following compounds is an ester?

Ethyl Acetate

Which of the following compounds is an amide?

N,N-dimethylformamide

The ending "-oic acid" indicates what about the structure?

There is a carboxylic acid group in the structure

Condensation

Reaction in which two organic molecules are joined, with the loss of a
smaller molecule.

Hydrolysis

Reaction in which an organic molecule is split into two smaller molecules
with the addition of a molecule of water. (Reverse of condensation reaction).

Suffix for 2 double bond

-diene

Aromatics

cyclic hydrocarbons with a particular electron arrangement

Root

indicates carbon in a chain or a ring

Meth-

(one)

Eth-

(two)

Prop-

(three)

But-

(four)

Ending (suffix)

indicates functional groups

-ane

saturated hydrocarbon

-ene

carbon-carbon double bond

-yne

carbon-carbon triple bond

Alkyl Groups “-yl”

saturated hydrocarbon with one missing hydrogen (side chains)

Methyl-

one carbon, 3 hydrogen

Ethyl-

two carbon, 5 hydrogens

Propyl-

three carbon, 7 hydrogens (straight line)

Isopropyl-

3 carbons, 7 hydrogens (branched)

Tetra-

4

Hydroxy group

Contains (-OH) group (oxygen with attached hydrogen, also attached to an alkyl carbon)
R= alkyl group

Carbonyl Group

(-CHO) group (Carbon/Oxygen in a double bond)
-aldehydes are this.

Alcohol

Organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon. R-OH.

Aldehydes

a carbonyl group that has at least one hydrogen
attached. (C=HO)

Ether

two alkyl groups attached to a single oxygen (R-O-R’)

Ketone

a carbonyl group that has two alkyl groups attached
ex - propanone (acetone)

-ol

alcohol

-al

aldehyde

-one

ketone

oxidation

Reaction in which oxidation number of a carbon atom lowers, either byaddition of an oxygen atom or loss of a hydrogen atom.

reduction

Reaction in which oxidation number of a carbon atom increases, either by loss of an oxygen atom or gain of a hydrogen atom.

Amino Groups

nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Mercapto

consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

Amines

formed when one or more H atoms of ammonia are replaced by an alkyl group.

-have nitrogen

-bad smells!

Carboxylic Acids

Organic compound with a carbonyl, and a hydroxy group attached to the carbon.
contain the carboxyl group (-COOH)
-methanoic acid (formic acid)

Esters

formed by the condensation reaction of acid and alcohol
- R-CO-OR
- -ate
- sweet smells

Amides

Product of reaction of acids with an amine or ammonia
- carbocyclic acid and amine

Thiols

Similar to alcohols except the oxygen in the hydroxyl group has been replaced by a sulfur.

-oic acid

There is a carboxylic acid group in the structure

-amine

here is a nitrogen in the structure

-amide

There is a carbonyl bonded to nitrogen in the structure

-thiol

sulfur in the structure

Organic reactions occur more _____________ than inorganic reactions

slowly

Acid/Base Reactions - reduction to __________

an aldehyde

Acid/Base Reactions - oxidizing an aldehyde to ______________

an acid

Condensation w/ alcohol =

ester

Condensation w/ an amine =

amide

Condensation

Reaction in which two organic molecules are joined, with the loss of a smaller molecule.

Hydrolysis

Reaction in which an organic molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of a molecule of water. (Reverse of condensation reaction).

Halides

halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine)
prefixes = (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-,)

There is no alkene and alkyne corresponding to Meth- (1) because…

there must be at least 2 carbons for double/triple bonds

Amide =

acid w/ amine

Carbonyl Group

attached to a nitrogen bond

Formaldehyde (formalin) in _________ by weight & __________ by volume

37% W
40% V

Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide will result in what?

Monosaccharides

The process by which yeast converts glucose to ethyl alcohol is called

Fermentation

The simplest carbohydrate are simple sugars that we call...

monosaccharides

Glucose is a...

blood sugar

A lipid with three fatty acids bonded to glycerol is called what?

triglyceride