RAD-PATHO

MIDTERM- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Aspiration pneumonia

Lung infection from inhaled material (food, vomit)

Asthma

Chronic airway inflammation; reversible bronchospasm, wheezing

Bronchial carcinoid

Rare, slow-growing neuroendocrine lung tumor

Bronchiectasis

Permanent dilation of bronchi due to chronic infection

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Most common primary malignant lung tumor

Chronic bronchitis

Productive cough ≥3 months, 2 consecutive years

COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Group: emphysema + chronic bronchitis, airflow limitation

Coin lesion

Solitary round opacity on chest x-ray

Cystic fibrosis

Genetic disease; thick mucus, recurrent lung infections

Diffusion

Gas exchange process across alveolar-capillary membrane

Emphysema

COPD type: alveolar wall destruction, hyperinflated lungs

Exudates

Protein-rich fluid (infection, inflammation, malignancy)

Hemothorax

Blood in pleural cavity

Hypercapnia

Elevated CO₂ in blood

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen in blood

Legionnaires’ disease

Severe bacterial pneumonia from Legionella pneumophila

Mediastinal emphysema

Air leakage into mediastinum

Miliary tuberculosis

TB spread with numerous tiny nodules (“millet seed” pattern)

Mycoplasma pneumonia

“Walking pneumonia”; mild, caused by Mycoplasma

Pleural effusion

Fluid accumulation in pleural space

Pleurisy

Inflammation of pleura, sharp chest pain

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Lobar pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumoconioses

Lung disease from inhaled dust (e.g., asbestosis, silicosis)

Pneumonia

Inflammation/infection of lungs with consolidation

Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis

Fungal lung disease resembling miliary TB

Pulmonary tuberculosis

TB of lungs; cavitary/apical lesions common

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Premature infants, surfactant deficiency; adults: ARDS

Respiratory failure

Inadequate gas exchange (low O₂ ± high CO₂)

Sinusitis

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Subcutaneous emphysema

Air in subcutaneous tissue (neck, chest)

Transudates

Low-protein pleural fluid (CHF, cirrhosis)

Tuberculosis

Chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ventilation

Movement of air in/out of lungs

Viral pneumonia

Pneumonia from viruses (influenza, RSV, etc.)