blood A&PII

blood is a connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid matrix called

plasma

what is the function of blood

transporting substances and maintaining homeostasis

the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and disorders that affect them

hematology

blood is 4 times more viscous than water meaning it is

thicker

blood temp is always _________ than body temp

one degree higher

what does whole blood consist of

plasma and formed elements

what are the formed elements in the blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

all blood cells originate from stem cells called

hemocytoblasts

hemocytoblast can create all three blood cells but they must be

turned on to a specific one

blood transports

gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste

blood regulates

pH balance

blood defends against pathogens through

WBC and antibodies

blood stabilizes body temperature by

drawing heat from tissues and carries it to the surface

red blood cells are also called

erythrocytes

red blood cells carry

oxygen

why does the red blood cells have no nucleus

it loses it during maturation to make room for hemoglobin

red blood cells last for about

120 days

what two organs destroy worn out RBC

liver and spleen

hemoglobin is broken down into

heme and globin

heme breaks down into

iron that is stored in the liver and biliverdin into bilirubin to be excreted as bile pigments

globin is broken down into

amino acids and reused

hemoglobin that is loaded with oxygen and is bright red

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin that have released oxygen and has a bluish tint

deoxyhemoglobin

what is the production of blood cells called

hematopoiesis

erythrocyte production is regualated by the hormone

erythropoietin

what are white blood cells called

leukocytes

process by which leukocytes move through blood vessel walls to enter tissues

diapedesis

what helps guide leukocytes to he site of injury

cellular adhesion molecules

what are the most mobile WBC

neutrophils and monocytes

indicates % of each particular leukocyte in a blood sample

differential white blood cell count

bacterial infections cause elevated

neutrophils

tapeworm infection, hookworm infection, or allergic reactions cause elevated

eosinophils

hairy cell leukemia, whooping cough or mononucleosis causes elevated

lymphocytes

what is the abnormal production of specific types of immature leukocytes

leukemia

what are the granular leukocytes that are non-specific

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

what are the agranular leukocytes that are specific

monocytes and lymphocytes

2-5 lobes of nucleus and stained light purple with fine granules in cytoplasm/ phagocytize bacteria and viruses

neutrophil

2 lobed nuclei with granules and stain red/ phagocytize bacteria and parasitic worms

eosinophils

granular cytoplasm that stains dark/ promotes inflammation and releases heparin to prevent blood clotting

basophils

agranulocyte with a large oval and bean shaped nucleus that become macrophages

monocytes

agranulocyte with an oversized nucleus that undergoes specific immunity

lymphocytes

platelets are called

thrombocytes

platelets start off as

megakaryocytes

what is the function of blood platelets

blood clotting and the release of serotonin causing vasoconstiction

blood plasma is made up of

water and plasma proteins

what are the three types of plasma proteins

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

what is the stoppage of bleeding from a blood vessel called

hemostasis

what are the three steps to hemostasis

blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation

what is extrinsic clotting mechanism

platelet contacts damaged tissue or tissues outside of the blood vessel

what is intrinsic clotting mechanism

blood contacts foreign substance in blood vessel

list the steps of extrinsic clotting mechanism

blood comes in contact with thromboplastin to activate factor x, factor x combines with factor V which leads to prothrombin activator activating prothrombin which converts to thrombin that turns fibrinogen into fibrin

list the steps of intrinsic clotting mechanism

blood comes in contact with hageman factor to activate Factor XI, which activates factor IX that joins with Factor VIII to activate factor X that combines with factor V to activate prothrombin activator that activates prothrombin that converts to thrombin which turns fibrinogen into fibrin

there are ________ on the cell membrane surface of our erythrocytes called

antigens

our plasma contains _________ that are produced against non-self antigens

antibodies

what is the term called when a recipients antibody matches a donors antigen

hemolysis

agglutination is the

clumping of red blood cells

a person with type A- blood has

antigen A, anti- B

a person with A+ blood has

antigen a, anti-B, and D antigen

a person with B- blood has

antigen B, anti-a

a person with B+ blood has

antigen B, anti-a and D antigen

a person with AB- blood has

a and b antigens with no antibodies

a person with AB+ blood has

a and b and d antigens with no antibodies

a person with O- has

no antigens and anti-a and anti- b antibodies

a person with O+ blood has

no antigens, a and b antibodies and the d antigen

what blood type is the universal donor

O-

what blood type is the universal recipient

AB+

erythroblastosis fetalis is the

hemolytic disease of the newborn

how would you explain to a patient with leukemia, who has a greatly elevated white blood cell count, the importance of avoiding bacterial infections?

the white blood cells formed are immature and remain undifferentiated due to leukemia, and therefore have little to no ability to phagocytize bacteria or produce antibodies to combat infection

why is O- the universal donor

because it does not have any surface antigens that can activate the donors antibodies

why is AB+ the universal recipient

because this blood type has no antibodies

Some athletes have been accused of performing "blood doping" to improve their athletic performance. Why would removing blood a month or so prior to performance, then reinfusing the blood shortly before a competition, boost performance?

blood volume would return to normal after removal but adding the stored blood back in would increase the total blood volume in the body. the muscles would have greater supply to oxygen increasing athletic stamina

a clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood flow is called

embolus

what is an abnormally low white blood cell count called

leukopenia

what is hematocrit

percent of red blood cells in a blood sample

which formed element releases serotonin

platelets