A&P Lecture TEST 3

Origin

Where fixed end of a skeletal muscle attaches

Insertion

Where moveable end of a skeletal muscle attaches

Action

movement produced by skeletal muscle

Innervation

Nerve supplies the muscle for contraction

Agonist/primary mover

The muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing the movement.

antagonist

muscle whose action opposes a particular agonist (flexion at the elbow)

synergist

muscle that helps larger agonist work

innervation of the muscle

identity of the nerve that stimulates it

spinal nerves

arise from the spinal cord(emerge through intervertebral foramina)

Cranial nerves

Arise from the base of the brain (emerge through skull foramin)

Sacolemma

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

sarcoplams

Cytoplasm of muscle fibers

Myofibrills

long protein bundles, fills most of the the muscle fibers, muscle contraction *contracting units*

Muscles of breathing

intercostals

External intercostals

Breathing in (inhalation)

Elevated ribs

Ribs lift up

Expanded thoracic cavity

chest rises

Where does the air flow in the intercostals

Ribs

Internal intercostals

breathing out (exhalation)/depressed ribs

compress thoracic cavity

chest shrinks

intermost intercostals

(same as internal) help forced exhalation like coughing and heavy breathing

Enteric Nervous (ENS)

Neural tissues in walls of gastrointestinal tract (helps digestive)

central nervous (CNS)

-Brain+spinal cord

-Master control

-assess info from senses

Peripheral (PNS)

(12 pair)(31 pair)

-cranial +spinal

-All perpteral Nerve

Somatic

-Skin, sensory, organs

-all skeletal muscle

*voluntary*/motor+ sensory

Visceral/Autonomic

Heart beat, digestion glands, respiration

*Automatic* / motor+sensory

Sensory

information to the brain

Motor

Instructions leaving brain

Brain tumor

Masses of rapidly dividing cells(come from glial cells)

Gliomas

grows rapidly/blood brain decreases

where are Neuroglial cells

in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheaths in CNS

Ependymal cells

lines internal cavities of the brain

Microglial cells

small, wandering macrophages formed white blood cells

Astrocytes

Most abundant glial cell in (CNS)

Tay Sachs Disease

abnormal accumulation of glycolipid called GM2 causes (blindness, loss of cordination, and dementia)

Alzheimer

Loss of memory (atrophy of gyri folds in gerebral cortex)

Parkinson disease

Progressive loss of motor function(no recovery) also the degenertation of dopemine- releasing neurons (shaking)

sclerosis

Myelin replaced by hardened scar tissue

• can cause double vision, numbness intention tumors

myelin in PNS

PNS schwann cells spirals around a single nerve

Myelin in CNS

oligodendrocytes reaches out to myelinate nerve fibers

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disease

osteoarthritis

“wear and tear” things broke over time

ligaments

bone to bone

tendons

muscle to bone

A bands

Thick filament bands (stays the same during contractions)

I bands

Thin filament bands (get shorter during contraction)

Sympathetic system

known as fight or flight system

Synostosis

when two bones fuse together into one bone

Fibrous joints

Bones connected by fibers

Cartilaginous Joints

(little movement) bones connected by cartilage

Synchondrosis

Connected by hyaline cartilage (found on ends of bone)

-little to no movement

Symphysis

Two bones joined by fibrocartilage

Synovial Joints

freely movable joints with fluid-filled space

serrate suture(skull joint)

found in coronal and sagittal (Zigzag)

Lap (squamous) suture (skull joint)

(think overlap) bones overlap

-found in temporal+parietal bones

Plane suture (skull joint)

Straight edges (flat)

Gomphosis

Fibrous joint that holds tooth in its socket

suture

skull joint

Syndesmosis

fibrous joint at which two bones are connected by longer fibers

Ball and socket joint

Humeroscapular

Pivot joint

Radioulnar

saddle joint

trapeziometacarpal

plane joint

intercarpal

Hinge joint

humeroulnar

condylar Joint

metacarpophalangeal