Alle tentamens bij elkaar Governance dynamics

Planning differs from the 'exact' sciences as it hardly views objects in isolation. Instead planning…

Puts situations often in context, with strategies intended to achieve a balanced outcome rather than a permanent end solution to a problem

While the 'rules of the game' for Governance Dynamics have been introduced through the game of chess, there is a big distinction to make between the two:

Instead of a closed system environment, the Governance Dynamics 'game' can also be about dynamically open systems

Rules of the game are 'normative' in character. What does this mean?

Determined on subjective grounds, in order to be able to set a boundary between what is allowed and what is not

Why should planners pay attention to consultation, participation, and the development and exercise of power?

It is desirable and sensible to strengthen social processes in support of planning actions for representative power to function and to prevent the abuse of power

In lectures 1 and 2 we are warned: 'Beware of having a plan'. What exactly is meant by this warning?

Those who believe that the plan is to replace reality ignore reality itself, which can have serious consequences

As a scientific discipline Planning has two 'objects of study'. These are…

The institutional domain and the domain of the material environment

In the 1970s, scenarios were added to the technical rationality approach to solving planning issues. What was the purpose of this?

The consequences of planning interventions can only be predicted to a limited extent. Scenarios of probable futures provide some direction, and along with feedback information during the process, allow corrections to be made

Which of the following statements is not true? Planners must…

Try to prevent technical approaches when addressing (very) complex planning issues

Spatial Planning relates to…

Geography and 'spatial behaviour', and the Managerial sciences and 'policy and management'

In what way was the report 'Our Common Future' (1987), from the World Commission on Environment and Development, relevant to planning:

It defined sustainability, which subsequently became an 'ordering principle' for the compact city

In his paper, Alexander (2005) explains institutionalization referring to three 'schools of thought'. These are the…

Historical approach, the 'rational choice' approach, and the sociological approach

What sets network governance apart from other governance models is that networks…

Are informal and therefore have no official or legal status

The 'communicative turn' in spatial planning is inspired by the 'intersubjective perspective' of the German philosopher / sociologist Habermas (PiA). How?

In the 'communicative turn' reality gains meaning through agreements that those involved make in the planning process based on a shared perspective of opinions, ideas and proposals

According to AIG, multilevel governance …

Draws on incentives rather than formal commands to influence actors' behaviour

Technical rationality is a term inherited from the first social scientists… What terms would be preferable today to address this rationality?

Directive and authoritative

Which of the following statements is incorrect? Self-governing communities …

Evade government regulation

In the seventies the dominance of sectoral legislation became apparent… This resulted in …

Increasing bureaucracy, and a policy focus that depends on the availability of financial budget and the definition by which the sector legitimizes itself, and which delimits the sector from its policy environment

According to AIG, the disadvantage of involving many actors in collaborative governance …

Is an increase in the likelihood of deadlock and decisions based on the lowest common denominator

According to Van der Cammen (PiA)… What will this be about?

Spatial decisions and interventions concern society, and the concerns of those who have to live together and their relationship with the daily environment

The neo-liberal ideology caused many governments to …

Take a step back to 'unleash the market'

The government's perception on the spatial environment is not static… the Netherlands shifted from a…

Functionally oriented society, via an all-encompassing welfare state, to a neoliberal and individualized society

Which of the characteristics below illustrate a communicative rationality approach to planning issues?

Uncertainty, process optimization, scattered power relations and a dynamic context

Feedback in planning trajectories is fundamental because…

Full certainty is an illusion and corrections often prove necessary

According to AIG, the concept of 'good governance' raised questions… Why would this be?

International and national donor agencies are pressuring recipient countries to adopt governance and policy standards similar to those in Northern and Western countries, because they see that effective markets depend on 'good governance'

Why is the combination of 'Central and Hierarchical' and 'Broad Objectives' considered a mismatch?

Rather than broad objectives being explorative, top-down directives should be concrete, 'simple', well defined and explaining in their intent to have them successfully implemented equally at the local

According to Robert Putnam, 'bonding' social capital strengthens connections within a group, community or neighbourhood, while . . .

Bridging' social capital fosters connections between diverse groups in civil society

Governance is a mechanism for . . .

Achieving collective goals, including those that resolve tensions within society

PiA states: 'In practice, the greatest obstacles to public-sector planning are the co-ordination of policy lines and the co-ordination of the consultation process.' This is about . .

Realizing that issues do not necessarily remain within a specific policy line, which makes coordination desirable and may require integration of different policy sectors and the associated interests, resources and powers

Planning is highly 'action-oriented'. In PiA planning and decision-making is centred around three 'action-oriented' questions. What are these questions about?

What needs to be achieved, how can this be achieved, and with whom?

Which of the following forms of action is not oriented towards 'will shaping'?

withholding evidence and spreading false information

Governance takes the form of horizontal networks in situations where . . .

There are diverse interests and a clear power structure is lacking, and instead of top-down rules a need for an exchange of opinions, meanings and ideas to arrive at a collective understanding

Democracy is relevant for various reasons, one of them is 'conditioning' – how should we see this for planning?

Planning is about the conditioning of space and place by law and regulations, and about intervening in the daily environment on the basis of democratically agreed spatial rules, laws and conventions

In AIG, referendums are discussed in relation to 'good governance'. Which of the following statements is correct?

I. Just like regular elections, big-money players can influence the results of referendums

II. Referendums are relatively blunt instruments for dealing with complex policy and governance issues

Both are correct

'We plan because we can' is a frequently used phrase. What human skills does this refer to?

Humans are consciously aware of a past (experience) and are able to anticipate the future

'Etatist governance' is known for its inability to adapt to societal change, because . . .

The government is strongly inward-looking, and consultation with important social actors remains limited

The foundations of planning theory partly stem from:

Philosophy, general sciences, sociology and public administration

Which of the following best describes subsidiarity?

A principle stating that decisions on an issue should be made by the lowest level of authority that is competent to take responsibility

When we talk about intersubjectivity, we mean that . . .

We get an image of reality through interaction with other subjects

According to AIG, a great deal of governance is . . .

Hybrid, involving formal and informal governance

In his paper, Alexander (2005) argues that it is helpful to distinguish between three levels of institutional design: the highest level, the meso-level, and the lowest level. Which level does he see as most interesting for planners?

The meso-level, which involves the institutional design of planning and implementation structures and processes, is of most interest to planners

The Governance Triangle presents . . .

The institutional environment in which government, market and civil society relate to each other in roles, responsibility and authority

What is the underlying argument regarding the fundamental aspect of 'scale' that a city needs to get right, as discussed in The School of Life's video 'How to Make an Attractive City?'

The biggest, most prominent features in a city reflect the true priorities of a society, often revealing the dominance of aggressive commercial interests

Why is institutional design relevant to planning?

Planning is subject to democratic rules, which require procedures for decision-making and its implementation

Which of the following arguments is correct?

Communicative rationality is the approach where the motives and motivations of all interested parties are most heard

In the Netherlands, the integrated area-specific approach has developed out of . . .

Environmental policy

The communicative rationale was introduced in planning theory . . .

In the early 1990s

The public interest is (still) largely represented by the government. However, there is increasing attention for processes outside the government domain, which result in collective interventions in the daily environment. What is this about?

Direct democracy, self-governance and grassroots movements

Jane Jacobs argues in The Death and Life of Great American Cities against urban modernism, and stresses the need to return to . . .

The human scale

Which aspects of a planning issue do not describe its ‘institutional situation’? The . . .

Spatial layout that can be observed

Hybrid governance, according to AIG, refers to . . .

A mix of formal and informal governance arrangements

The Garden City concept incorporates two competing belief systems, which are. . .

Romanticism & Functionality

The conviction that a technical rationality perspective has an answer to any question we would today qualify as . . .

Primitive optimism

Which of the following statements on the role of planners is incorrect?

Equal to administrators, planners taking on the role of civil servants have direct political accountability

Prof Wallage talked about 'the logic of democratic planning'. What did he mean?

Planning must adhere to a democratically conditioned set of issues that can lead to meaningful dialogue and mutual understanding of conflicts of interest, and acceptance of the decision to be made

From the perspective of traditional science, decision-makers base their decisions on science as the primary source of factual information. In contrast, from the perspective of critical sciences, . . .

Decision makers require science to determine the most appropriate approach given a set of circumstances

PiA states: 'In practice, the greatest obstacles to public-sector planning are the co-ordination of policy lines and the co-ordination of the consultation process. ' This is about . . .

Realizing that issues do not necessarily remain within a specific policy line, which makes coordination desirable and may require integration of different policy sectors and the associated interests, resources and powers

Network governance . . .

Facilitates collective action to achieve a balance between the interests and objectives of actors

Why is institutional design relevant to planning?

Planning is subject to democratic rules, which require procedures for decision-making and its implementation

The planning spectrum relates to . . .

The characteristics of a situation, ranging between the physical world of objects and the social world of interactions, dictating the decision about how to intervene

How does communicative rationality relate to 'uncertainty'?

In situations involving multiple interests, actors have different perspectives on issues. The lack of a common understanding creates uncertainty, and communication between parties is desired.

The 'communicative turn' in spatial planning is inspired by the 'intersubjective perspective' of the German philosopher / sociologist Habermas (PiA). How?

In the 'communicative turn' reality gains meaning through agreements that those involved make in the planning process based on a shared perspective of opinions, ideas and proposals

According to AIG, a great deal of governance is . . .

Hybrid, involving formal and informal governance

When we talk about intersubjectivity, we mean that . . .

We get an image of reality through interaction with other subjects

Rules of the game are 'normative' in character. What does this mean?

Determined on subjective grounds, in order to be able to set a boundary between what is allowed and what is not

Prof. Wallage used the North Sea Agreement as an example for consensus-based decision-making. The Agreement states that the stakeholders will remain in discussion to ensure a shared future perspective. As wonderful as this is, there is one drawback . . .

Those who are not part of the agreement are left out of future discussions, and likely their interests are not considered

The foundations of planning theory partly stem from:

Philosophy, general sciences, sociology and public administration

The steps 'situation - issue - action - consequences' are presented repeatedly throughout the course. But what does it say?

All three answers are correct

In PiA reference is made to the influence that classical science still has, and can also be found in planning. In what form of planning is this most clear?

Blueprint Planning

In PiA, reality is constantly seen as the intermediate of two related extremes. What is this duality about?

The 'objective' world of facts cannot do without the 'intersubjective' world of values, opinions and stories

The term 'governance' is fuzzy and has various meanings. Therefore, it . . .

 Has to be defined for each specific situation within which it is used

Democracy is relevant for various reasons, one of them is 'principles'. Why are these important to planning?

In order for people to live together, ethical rules are needed to ensure that the 'rules of the game' are fair, inclusive and applied lawfully. This is also referred to as 'good governance'

Power is an important concept in spatial planning. In PiA the following six power structures are discussed: (1) Horizontal network; (2) Procedures; (3) Incentives; (4) Hierarchy; (5) Bureaucracy; (6) Negotiation. These different power structures can easily be placed on the planning spectrum. Below are four different possibilities of how these power structures can be placed on a spectrum between technical and communicative rationality. Which of the following represents best the placement of the different power structure on the spectrum?

4 2 5 3 6 1

Consider the three-cell model, which statement is correct:

The organization cell mediates between the formal, vertical world of politics and the informal, horizontal world of civic life

Which of the following is a key difference between procedural and substantive planning?

While both focus on political feasibility, substantive planning focuses on policy outcomes and procedural planning focuses on the decision-making process

Informal mechanisms of governance can . . .

Exist even when there is an effective and largely legitimate government in place

Discussions on 'good governance' encompass . . .

Considerations both regarding outcomes, such as societal goods and services, and processes, such as democratic mechanisms and the rule of law

According to AIG, what is an institutional advantage of centralized governance? It . . .

Enables easier enforcement of uniform standards and homogeneous public services

AIG warns about the many competing objectives of different actors, which can lead to vague and inconsistent governance goals. This can result in . . .

A mismatch between governance goals and how they work out in reality

According to AIG, designing a governance intervention is difficult because . . .

It often requires people to adapt while it is hard to change human behaviour

'We plan because we can' is a frequently used phrase. What human skills does this refer to?

Humans are consciously aware of a past (experience) and are able to anticipate the future

Which aspects of a planning issue do not describe its 'institutional situation'? The . . .

Spatial layout that can be observed

What do the 'three cells' and 'nine cells' models mean for planning?

All three answers are correct

How does communicative rationality relate to 'uncertainty'?

In situations involving multiple interests, actors have different perspectives on issues. The lack of a common understanding creates uncertainty, and communication between parties is desired.

In planning, rationality refers to more than behaviour that complies with universal laws, facts, and objectivity. According to PiA, rationality also includes

A reasoning that allows people to come to a common understanding of what they collectively stand for

According to PiA decentralization leads to a shift from equality to freedom. What does this mean?

On the basis of equality, the involvement of market parties is excluded. Decentralization makes different routes possible, including those where the market plays a role

Which of the following best describes subsidiarity?

A principle stating that decisions on an issue should be made by the lowest level of authority that is competent to take responsibility

Technical rationality is a term inherited from the first social scientists, who were deeply influencedby the mechanical engineering that was popular in the early twentieth century. What terms would be preferable today to address this rationality?

Directive and authoritative

What sets network governance apart from other governance models is that networks . . .

Are informal and therefore have no official or legal status

Which of the two explanations is correct?

I. Both etatiste governance and network governance strive to establish and govern some form of collective action

II. Whereas etatiste governance relies on formal authority to mandate participation and compliance, network governance fosters collective action by balancing the interests and goals of various actors

Both are correct

When formal institutions of government are ineffective, informal institutions

May substitute the formal ones, or both can compete with one another

Good planning behaviour will have to be in accordance with a 'natural' and acceptable order, which can be understood as . .

A system of principles (rules, conventions and rationalities)

What is meant by 'organised complexity' in The School of Life's video 'How to Make an Attractive City?' It refers to . . .

A blend of order and diversity, because too much messiness is unpleasant, and too much order is too boring

Why is the combination of 'Central and Hierarchical' and 'Broad Objectives' (the 'framework for planning oriented action') considered a mismatch and is therefore an undesirable position for decision making?

Rather than broad objectives being explorative, top-down directives should be concrete, 'simple', well defined and explaining in their intent to have them successfully implemented equally at the local

Spatial Planning relates to . . .

Geography and 'spatial behaviour', and the Managerial sciences and 'policy and management'

As a scientific discipline Planning has two 'objects of study'. These are . . .

The institutional domain and the domain of the material environment

Which of the following describes best the 'city as a laboratory' metaphor in planning? It . . .

Views the city as a scientific experiment where hypotheses are tested and urban policies are evaluated based on their outcomes

Which of the following is not considered one of the six fundamental aspects a city must get right, as discussed in The School of Life's video 'How to Make an Attractive City?'

Civic participation

Which of the following two statements is correct?

I. 'Conditioning rules' are developed and imposed in conjunction with the institutional domain.

II. The material domain highlights the interdependency between the physical and the social.

Both are correct

Arnstein's Ladder is often used to describe the nature of participation in a governance process. Which set of levels describe 'symbolic participation', otherwise also known as tokenism in Arnstein's Ladder?

Informing, consultation, placation

In PiA, reality is seen as a duality between two complementary extremes. What does this duality mean for planning and decision-making?

Planning issues should be differentiated based on their degree of complexity: simple, complex and highly complex