Chapter 4

What element is an exception to the octet rule and why

Hydrogen, it only needs 2 electrons

What is a covalent bond?

When two different atoms share their electrons

How many pairs of electrons does one bond represnt

1 pair, 2 electrons

How many pairs of electrons does a double bond

2 pairs, 4 electrons

How many pairs of electrons does a triple bond have

3 pairs. 6 electrons

Whats the differnence between pure vs polar covalent bonds

Pure covalent bonds means that all electrons are shared equally

Polar bonds means that electrons are not shared equally

Are there charges formed in polar bonds?

Only partial positve and partial negative charges

What does electronegativy mean

Ability for atom to attract electrons within a covalent bond

Is it true when theres too much of an electronegativity differnce between two atoms, it turns into a ionic bond instead of a covalnet one?

Yes

Are covalent bonds made up of metals or nonmetals

Two nonmetals

This is because there is less of a difference of electronegativity between the two atoms

Going across a period (ROW) what is the electronegativity trend

Increases becease theres more protons pulling electrons closer

Going down a group/colum what is the electronegativity trends

Decreases because there are more shells added meaning protons have less of a hold on the electrons.

What is the electronegativity value for pure covalent molecules

Less than 0.4

What is the electronegativity range for polar covalent molecules

0.4 - 1.8

What is the electronegativity range for ionic molecules

Above 1.8

What is covalent bond nomenclature rules

1) If there are multiple atoms for the element you need to use greek prefixes to number them

2) Name the first element

3) Name the second element, change the suffix to -ide

If the first element only has one atom, dont use mono

Give 1-10 in greek prefixes

Give names for these covalent molecules

List the bond order from strongest to weakest

Triple bond

Double bond

Single bond

List the types of bonds from shorest to longest, whats stronger short or long bonds

Triple bond

Double bond

Single bond

SHorter bonds are stronger compared ot long bonds

Whats the differnce between electron and molecular gemoemtry

Electron gemoetry does not take in account of lone pairs, they are considered a group

Molecular geometry does look at lone pairs considers them

What ist he na