Social-emotional development

stranger anxiety

after about 8 months, children develop stranger anxiety, and they may greet strangers by crying and reaching for familiar caregivers

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

mere exposure

familiarity comes from repetitions

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

Strange Situation

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

secure attachment

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return

insecure attachment

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

basic trust

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

infancy

-1yrs old Trust vs. Mistrust

Toddlerhood

1-3yrs Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

preschool

3-6yrs Initiative vs. guilt

elementary

6-puberty Competence vs. Inferiority

adolescence

teen-20s Identity vs. role confusion

young adulthood

20s-40s Intimacy vs. Isolation

Middle Adulthood

40s-60s generativity vs. stagnation

Late Adulthood

60s+ Integrity vs. Despair

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

neglectful parenting

A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

authoritative parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

selection effect

adolescents seek out peers with similar attitudes, interests, and traits

midlife crisis

a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite

social clock

The right time/culturally preferred timing to do social events like marry or have kids

Sigmund Freud development

Love and work

Erik Erikson development

Intimacy and generativity

ecological systems theory

an individual's development is influenced by a series of interconnected environmental systems, ranging from the immediate surroundings (e.g., family) to broad societal structures (e.g., culture).

Microsystem

the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

Mesosystem

provides connections across microsystems

Exosystem

social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development

Macrosystem

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Chronosystem

historical changes that influence the other systems