Medical Review: Cardiology, MI Complications, and Clinical Signs

A set of flashcards focused on ECG leads, MI complications, anticoagulant mechanisms, medical triads, and AV blocks based on lecture notes.

Lateral Leads

Leads $I$, $aVL$, $V5$, and $V6$, which are supplied by the left circumflex ($LCx$) coronary artery.

Inferior Leads

Leads $II$, $III$, and $aVF$, supplied by the right coronary artery ($RCA$) in $90\times$ of cases and by the $LCx$ in $10\times$ of cases.

Septal Leads

Leads $V1$ and $V2$, supplied by the left anterior descending ($LAD$) artery.

Anterior Leads

Leads $V3$ and $V4$, supplied by the left anterior descending ($LAD$) artery.

Anterior STEMI

An ST elevation myocardial infarction caused by the occlusion of the $LAD$ artery, manifesting in leads $V1-V4$.

Left Main Coronary Artery Occlusion

A condition that shows widespread ST elevations across multiple leads, including $V1-V6$, $I$, and $aVL$.

Heparin-Antithrombin III Complex

A complex that irreversibly inactivates thrombin and factor $Xa$ by binding to and activating antithrombin.

Ventricular Septal Rupture

A post-MI complication presenting with a holosystolic murmur and new right-sided heart failure due to left-to-right shunting.

Acute Papillary Muscle Rupture

A post-MI complication that leads to mitral regurgitation and can result in severe pulmonary edema.

Ventricular Free Wall Rupture

A post-MI complication resulting in hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade, often causing sudden death.

Myerson's Sign

An abnormal clinical finding, also known as the glabellar tap sign, where a patient continues to blink with every tap on the area between the eyebrows.

Clinical Significance of Myerson's Sign

Indicates a failure to habituate, commonly seen in Parkinson's disease, dementia, and other frontal lobe disorders.

Beck's Triad

A triad for cardiac tamponade consisting of hypotension, jugular venous distension ($JVD$), and muffled heart sounds.

Virchow's Triad

A triad for thrombogenesis consisting of endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and stasis.

Aortic Stenosis Triad

A clinical triad presenting as angina, syncope, and heart failure (dyspnea on exertion).

Mackler's Triad

A triad for Boerhaave syndrome consisting of vomiting, lower chest pain, and subcutaneous emphysema.

Acute Pericarditis Triad

Presentations include pleuritic chest pain relieved by leaning forward, a pericardial friction rub, and diffuse ST elevation.

Cushing's Triad

A sign of raised intracranial pressure ($ICP$) characterized by hypertension (wide pulse pressure) and bradycardia.

Serratia marcescens

An organism that often produces a red pigment on culture media at room temperature and forms biofilms on central venous catheters.

CLABSI (Serratia marcescens)

A catheter-related bloodstream infection that can lead to septic shock, high fever, chills, and new pulmonary infiltrates.

1st Degree AV Block

A rhythm where the $P$ wave (wife) is followed by a $QRS$ complex (husband) that is consistently late but arrives at the same time every night.

2nd Degree Block Type I (Wenckebach)

A heart block where the husband ($QRS$) comes home later and later until one night he does not come home at all (dropped beat).

2nd Degree AV Block Type II

A rhythm where the husband ($QRS$) sometimes arrives and sometimes doesn't, but when he does, it is always at the same time.

3rd Degree AV Block

A total dissociation where the $P$ wave and $QRS$ complex are on separate regular schedules and no longer have a relationship.