Langhuage & Thought

Cognition

• how we think

  • experiences, beliefs, emotions, creativity, language, problem solving

Concept

• group/ categories of a shared feature of related objects, events or stimuli

Prototype

• The best example of a concept

How do prototypes influence our perception of a new stimulase of a concept?

• We ake probability judgement by comparing an object or even with its prototype

Role Schema

• how a person should behave based on their categorization (Ex: when Areana greets the presidency, she is so casual and violated a role schema)

Even Schema

• cognitive scrips: what to do in certain events? (Ex: a man looks to others to what to do in the elevator)

Concrete Concepts

• can be experienced though senes 

  - Ex: eating an apple, music

Absrtract Concepts

• Intangible; involves ideas

  - Ex: justice, love

Natural Concepts

• dose it exist in the natural world? 

- Ex: Apple, chair

Artificial Concept

- created by a human

- Ex: chair

Language

• a system for communication with others using signals that are combined according to rules and that convey meaning.

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound

Morphemes

Is the smallest unit of meaning

Semantics

The meaning of words and sentences

Syntax

Order in the words

Behaviourists

we learn language through reinforcement

Nativists

• biological capacity for language

Language acquisition

• natural process when people perceives, comprehend and produce language

Interactions

• combinations of behaviourist procedure language

Linguistic Reality Hypothesis

• language shapes the how we think.

How we solve problems?

1. Trial and error

2. Algorithm - step by step instructions

3. Heuristic - rules-of-thumb (see someone who looks like a doctor and assume they are more qualified to help)

Mental Stuck?

• when we approach a problem in the same way that has worked in the past that is not working now.

Functional fixedness

• when you don’t see an object for a certain different. (Ex: Seeing a match box as a candle holder)

Anchoring Bias

• using a initial pice of in fo to make further judgments (Ex: when you see 10, and 60, you will assume more closer to that number)

Confirmation Bias

• Focusing on information that con fumes your existing beliefs (Ex: you agree with it if it agrees with your belief)

Representative Bias

unintentionally stereotype someone/ something because they look knickers a good representation.

Availability heuristic

• information that’s is readily available is judged as more likely to have happened (Ex: snake death vs constipation deaths, when there is in reality more constipation deaths than snake bits)